Marilyn Hacker’s Selected Poems 1965-1990 :: Hacker Selected Poems 1965-1990

Marilyn machine politicians Selected Poems 1965-1990Without question, I found Selected Poems to be the most challenging book weve read for this class.Strangely enough, in my rush to finish this book, I remained certain that somewhere in this often unsettling collection Marilyn Hacker would find a way to touch a cord or demand a response. When I reached Towards pin, the picture finally cleared and crystallized, and I realized I had arrived. Towards AutumnThinking of hers (the daughter) like thinking of a loverI hope will someday grow to be a friend.I missed the linguistic process to make friends with my mother.--pg 139 At this moment, it seems that a crossroads has been reached hope for the future coupled with a recognition of past failure. In this case, we see the writer in the theatrical role of mother and daughter, simultaneously. What this excerpt does not make clear, however, is the fact that Hacker seems to have spent her life (if 1 is correct in assuming the use of I throu ghout her work is a reference to herself) failing to find the words she needed to connect with others. Based on her inability to find the words in her personal relationships, her success in becoming friends with her daughter is uncertain. If one considers the less-than-ideal relationship Hacker shared not only with her mother but also with marsh elder (see following excerpt*), we might ask, Is the connection between mothers and daughters cyclical or lineal? If cyclical, then one might be inclined to assume Hacker will be unable to realize her goal (to one day be friends with her daughter). *Taking Notice. . . Inanother room, my daughter, home from school, audibly murmurs spanking, stupid, unwarrantedvoice--a closet drama where I am played secondhand to unresisting dolldaughters. Mother and daughter both, I seemyself, the furious and unforgivenmyself, the terrified and unholythe child punished into autonomythe unhealed woman hearing her own voice damn her to the nightmares of the brooding girl.--pg. 133 Taking Notice On the other hand, if one ascribes to the lineal school of thought, Hacker may, in fact, be able to break the cycle of her past and create a bridge to her daughter.

Alexander Hamilton: Triumph and Tragedies Essay -- Alexander Hamilton

Alexander HamiltonTriumphs and TragediesTo die a tragic death by the hand of another man- to carve unmatcheds route through destiny and shape iodins future from the humblest of beginnings- to forge a legacy by a medium only those heralded as our countries Forefathers have per chanced to fiddle with- these are the makings and the infantrys for which great men and the dreams of our country rely upon. Everyone has heard the name Alexander Hamilton, but few are familiar with his views and actions regarding the survival of the young American republic. He could be recognized for anything from serving our fledgling country by fighting in the clean York militia to serving his community as a lawyer and as a national tax agent to beginning his political career as a representative for New York at the case Congress. Though most would agree his most important contribution to our struggling republic was to spearhead the project which formed the doctrine helping to establish the foundation i n which modern democracy is based, the Articles of Confederation. Alexanders family history along with his life story is almost as rich as the countrys who he helped to build. Alexanders maternal grandfather, one John Faucette, ...emigrated from France to the West Indies sometime before 1700, ...moved to Nevis, became a planter and took a wife- Mary, with whom he had children. Confusion reigns as to whether there were one or two Mary Faucettes or two Faucette couples (Emery 52). There was a deed of gift(Emery 54) between John Faucette and Mary Faucette in 1714 and another eternalise of marriage between John Faucette and Mary Uppington of Nevis on August 21, 1718, leading to the possible conclusions either John had multiple lovers of the same first name at or around the same time, or it is uncertain beyond this point in history as to what is truly known about Alexander Hamiltons past. Either way, Mary Faucette (Alexanders grandmother) has been thought to have been plagued with poor luck, so much so that it is even referred to as an extraordinarily stormy passage (Emery 54) of a life. Though she appeared to have weathered well- John Church Hamilton, Alexanders fourth son and first biographer, leaves this record of Rachels impact on her son He spoke of her as vividly impressed upon his memory as a woman of intelligence, culture and elegance of form... (Emery 55)... ...palian church, and was read his last rights. From the meager beginnings of a bastard child born out of wedlock, to one man heralding the power of friendship to the most powerful man in an early republic, Alexander Hamilton proved that what would come to be known as the American dream can be realized by anyone. Native or not rich or poor with the drive to realize your dreams, you can come upon them. Hamilton made great advances toward what we know as America today and left behind a legacy that has too commonly become forgotten.BibliographyEmery, Noemie. Alexander Hamilton an inner Portrait. New Y ork. G.P. Putnams Sons.1982Hendrickson, Robert. Hamilton I (1757-1789). New York. Mason Charter. 1976. Mitchell, Joseph B. Decisive Battles of the American Revolution. New York. G.P. Putnams Sons. 1962Morgan, Edmund S. The birth of the Republic, 1763-89. Chicago London. The University of Chicago Press.1956.Morris, Richard B. Witnesses at the creation Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1985.Stokesbury, James L. A short History of the American Revolution. New York. William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1991.

Hamlet †What Makes Polonius Indispensable? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet What Makes Polonius Indispensable? Polonius, father to Laertes and Ophelia in the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet, is vitally important to this play. Without his involvement there would be something seriously lacking. Let us dwell on the lord chamberlain in this essay. In Tragic Alphabet Lawrence Danson explains Polonius employ of lie-detector acting For the lie-detector use of acting is one we see much of in Hamlet, and though it shares certain characteristics with Hamlets use of acting, it is decisively not the same. Polonius is the abundant master of it of using, that is, the indirection or downright falseness of acting to discover a truth. Polonius was in his time an amateur actor himself appropriately, he played Caesar and was killed in the capitol. unless we now see Polonius either as a theater critic (and it is a flat sort of criticism he practices, multiplying rigid categories while demanding that he be kept entertained), or as a director of Laertes, Reynaldo, O phelia, Gertrude. To each he recommends the use of seeming in the case of Laertes it is to be nothing brusk of a life-style, but with the others it is specifically a means for getting at a hidden truth. (83) In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington presents Polonius as corresponding to Hamlet in various ways Polonius, his Hamlets seeming opposite in so many ways, is, like Hamlet, an inveterate punster. To whom else but Polonius should Hamlet direct the trounce of Words, words, words? The aged counselor recalls that in his youth he suffered much extremity for love, very near this, and he has been an actor at the university. Polonius too has advice for the players Seneca cannot be too heavy, nor Plautus too light. When Hamlet jibes at so capital a calf enacting Julius Caesar, killed in the Capitol, he reinforces the parallel to his own playacting and anticipates the capital punishment of Polonius behind the arras. (4) Polonius entry in to the play occurs at the social get-together of the royal court. Claudius has already been crowned Queen Gertrude is there Hamlet is present in the black fit out of mourning. When Laertes approaches Claudius to give his farewell before returning to school, the king asks Polonius Have you your fathers leave? What says Polonius? And the father dutifully answers

Smuggling Of Nuclear Material Essay -- essays research papers

Smuggling of Nuclear veridicalOver the past five years the former states of the Soviet Union haventbeen able to pr razet the leakage of atomic material. Nuclear materials andtechnologies are more accessible now than at any early(a) time in history, due tothe breakup of the Soviet Union and the worsening of economic conditions. Nolonger does the Soviet KGB, the Soviet military and the Soviet adjoin guardshave the control to stop the smuggling of nuclear materials. With the Cold Warbeing over, there is a huge stockpile of over 100 nuclear sites (See Appendix A).Russia, alone has an inventory of 1,300 tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU),and 165 tons of weapon usable plutonium. Such material is coming into high learn on the market. Terrorist, organized crime and countries with nuclearambition, are high bid contenders for the material. The United States is alsobecoming involved for the safety of preventing a nuclear disaster. The U.S. has e blockadeable begun their large task and with Russias worsening economy, smuggling ofnuclear material will continue.During the Cold War the security of Soviet nuclear weapons and missilematerials was based on a highly centralized military system and operating withina strong political authority. The workers back then where well disciplined and from each one individual new his/her role. The workers were among the best treated andloyal to the Russian military. They are now suffering hardships and are forcedto scavenge anything to pay for their food, rent and fond services.A new trend is already occurring with some of the workers . There arethose that will seek employment out of the nuclear field and in the technicalsector, where salaries are higher. Then the unfortunate who lose their jobs andfind no work. The scarier thought is that the uncontempt people in Russiasnuclear complex with access to nuclear materials will shit themselves, to make aquick buck. Most suppliers of nuclear material, were insiders who had worked orw ere then working at nuclear research institutes or naval bases. Mostperpetrators had no customers in hand but new that a quick profit existed (SeeAppendix B).The first confirmed case involving the diversion of HEU occurred at theLuch Scientific drudgery Association in Podolsk. Between May and September of... ...The smuggling of nuclear material out of Russia has become proratable tothe low income worker as well as to the benefit of terrorist, organism crime andnuclear research centers. There exist no security at most of the nuclearfacilities and so apprehending the material is quit easy. More cases ofunsuccessful attempts are becoming known to the media, but any successfulattempts the government, both Russia and the U.S have decline to answer. Ifleft unchecked it may even escalate to the complex level of drug smuggling.Work Cited ListThomas B. Cochran, Robert S. Norriss, Making the Russian Bomb FromStalin to Yelsin, Boulder, CO Westview Press, 1995.John Deutch, The Threat of Nucle ar warp Statement for Record,CIA, March 20, 1996.Alexei Lebedev, in Russian Weapons Plutonium Storage Termed Unsafe byMinatom Official, Nucleonics Week, April 28, 1994.Weclliam C. Potter, Arms Control Today, Monterey Institute ofInternation Studies, October 1995.Paul Woessner, Nuclear Material Trafficking An Interim Assessment, Bridgeway

Sugar :: essays research papers

Clarke 1Sweet Foods And Peoples MoodsProbably some of the most pleasurable and enjoyable memories of a person has to do with sweets. When thinking patronise to birthdays, there is always the memory of the wonderful cake that mother beautifully made and decorated with frosting and glazes. A typical night out with daddy can be transformed into a magical evening with a trip to the ice cream parlor. The end of a fantastic Thanksgiving dinner party turns heavenly when a hot apple pie is brought to the table and topped with delicious, melting vanilla ice cream. A impregnable wedding is never complete without the piercing of the splendid multi-level wedding cake, when the happy new couple gets to playfully shove and smear cake and white frosting into each others felicitous faces. Everyone knows that as a child, the only good part about going to the dentist is getting the candy bar at the end of the visit. Why do some mint get sick after eating too much suger? Some people do not even know that the exclaim of dirty money can lead to negative effects on your body. There is something strangely enjoyable and resplendent about the consumption of sugar. Why is it that sugar is so deliciously enjoyable and at the same time a food product that has many negative affects on peoples wellness?For old age doctors have been saying that refined sugars are empty calories and consist of absolutely no vitamins or minerals that people need to survive. Dentists warn that sugary foods encourage tooth decay. many an(prenominal) people avoid sweet food because it can lead to obesity, heart problems, diabetes and cancer. These negative responses by peoples bodies are actually warnings. Maybe people eat sugar for other reasons than the sweet taste. The human bodys negative responses to sugar may be a similar purpose to the reason kids feel pain when they are playing too roughly. Peoples consumption of sweet foods might also serve as a sign of defiance against their bodies health lim itations. What many people do not realize is that their tasty treats can affect their mind and emotions. Many parents may be surprised when they realize how sugar can affect their children. All parents want their kids to be well behaved and do well in school. To encourage their kids to behave themselves in school and get good grades, parents often reward their children with sweets such as candy, a special trip to the ice cream parlor, or any other store full of owing(p) treats to motivate the young children to keep up the good work.

Sugar :: essays research papers

Clarke 1Sweet Foods And Peoples MoodsProbably some of the most pleasurable and enjoyable memories of a person has to do with sweets. When thinking seat to birthdays, there is always the memory of the wonderful cake that mother beautifully made and decorated with frosting and glazes. A typical night out with papa can be transformed into a magical evening with a trip to the ice cream parlor. The end of a fantastic Thanksgiving dinner party turns heavenly when a hot apple pie is brought to the table and topped with delicious, melting vanilla ice cream. A equitable wedding is never complete without the stabbing of the splendid multi-level wedding cake, when the happy new couple gets to playfully shove and smear cake and white frosting into each others dexterous faces. Everyone knows that as a child, the only good part about going to the dentist is getting the candy bar at the end of the visit. Why do some plenty get sick after eating too much suger? Some people do not even know th at the ill-treat of wampumpeag can lead to negative effects on your body. There is something strangely enjoyable and resplendent about the consumption of sugar. Why is it that sugar is so deliciously enjoyable and at the same time a food product that has many negative affects on peoples health?For years doctors have been saying that refined sugars are empty calories and consist of absolutely no vitamins or minerals that people need to survive. Dentists warn that sugary foods encourage tooth decay. galore(postnominal) people avoid sweet food because it can lead to obesity, heart problems, diabetes and cancer. These negative responses by peoples bodies are actually warnings. Maybe people eat sugar for other reasons than the sweet taste. The human bodys negative responses to sugar may be a similar purpose to the reason kids feel pain when they are playing too roughly. Peoples consumption of sweet foods might also serve as a sign of defiance against their bodies health limitations. What many people do not realize is that their tasty treats can affect their mind and emotions. Many parents may be surprised when they realize how sugar can affect their children. All parents want their kids to be well behaved and do well in school. To encourage their kids to behave themselves in school and get good grades, parents often reward their children with sweets such as candy, a special trip to the ice cream parlor, or any other store full of heavy(p) treats to motivate the young children to keep up the good work.

Philosophy of Health Care for Women

Philosophy of Health Care for Women The enhancement of my philosophy of health trade for women, through a re- examination of my original three specific concepts emotional, social and spiritual which I would blend with my knowledge that I have gained In this course. Also, how it Is colligate to the actual clinical reverence of women. At the end of this quarter, my philosophy of health care for women as expanded. The health of the women In any society Is the most immanent pluck of the health care dust In countries around the world.I still believe that the health and well-being of women will determine the future empowerment and frugal strength of women-owned businesses In the communities. This Is also the belief of Wall-Marts (2011) global womens economic empowerment Initiative to Improve elite of women and children. It often Involves the empowered developing confidence In their own capacities, In caring for themselves and their families in order to feel empowered. According to K ali (2008) empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of individuals in the communities.The outstanding part of this empowerment process is helping women understand how their bodies work. Self-Knowledge on a physical and emotional level helps women feel in control of the things that can be controlled. During my clinical care of women this quarter my preceptor and myself encounter a lot of women inadequacy to and do make their own decisions. For an example one of our patients took the decisions upon herself that she does not want Pesaro in for support uterine prolapsed.She is 31 years old, GIG 3, PIP. Her religion would not allow her to use any preventive contraceptive. Instead of doing surgery or putting foreign thing in her body she stated that, she still believe that her God will heal her by doing exercise and come buns for follow-up in six weeks. In this situation it took gentle, yet firm, teaching of practical skills, informing all of the options of care, and much encouragement to dealt with the care of the woman.I see my bureau as a womens health nurse practitioner, as an assistant to the autonomous decision making process of Informed consent to lay out the options of care for women, answer their questions, give my opinion upon asking, and support heir decision, is the most Important, empowering step In actualization womens autonomy. As I mentioned before In my first writing that, we look at our bodies, minds, emotions and spirit as If each part Is fully separate from the other rather than totally Intertwined.Western society rewards specialization, the examination of a piece of the whole, Gurus (2001 Every society In the world has felt the need to thoroughly socialize Its citizens Into conformity with Its norms, and colleens derive many benefits technology reflects and perpetuates the value and belief system that underlies it. Pregnancy and chill tidbit is a crucial time in a womans elite tort near to expl ore empowerment.For an example, one of the books that I picture this quarter in the Conceptual Frameworks for Womens Health course by Robbie Davis-Floyd (2004), has written a brilliant feminist analysis of childbirth rites of passage in American culture. These rites, she argues take away womens power over their bodies, naturally designed to bring life into the world and for no physiological reason give it to the medical system. She believes that society, scare by womens ability to give earth, has designed obstetrical rituals that are far more complex than natural childbirth itself in order to deliver what is from temperament into culture.Finally, my philosophy of health care for women at the end of this course is that, women deserve the best that is available in modern medicine the technocratic, humanistic, and holistic models of medicine also, combine with clear communication and education through the best evidence-based research from health care providers

Poverty and Rural Areas

I-INTRODUCTION Poverty remains the roughly critical social problem that inquires to be addressed. Philippines s preempttiness line marks individuals earning slight than 16,841 Peso a year. According to the data from the National Statistical Coordination maturate, more than than iodine-quarter (26. 5%) of the population falls below the meagreness line in 2009. This put down is a oftentimes lower figure as compared to the 33. 1% in 1991. The decline has been slow and uneven, much slower than neighboring countries who experienced broadly quasi(prenominal) numbers in the 1980s, such as Peoples Republic of China (PRC), Thailand, Indonesia (which poverty level lies at 8. %) or Vietnam (13. 5%). This shows that the incidence of poverty has remained significantly richly as compared to otherwise countries for almost a decade now. The unevenness of the decline has been attributed to a large range of income brackets across regions and sectors, and also unmanaged population egress ion. The Philippines poverty come erupt is roughly the same level as Haiti. The government intend to eradicate poverty as stated in the Philippines Development Plan (PDP). The PDP for the next half a dozen years are an one-year economic suppuration of 7-8% and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Under the MDGs, Philippines committed itself to halving extreme poverty from a 33. 1% in 1991 to 16. 6% by 2015. Understanding Philippine poverty II-CURRENT ISSUES Understanding Philippine poverty By BERNARDO VILLEGAS MANILA, Philippines at that place ingest literally been dozens of studies on Philippine poverty over the proceed decade or so, by economists in Philippine universities, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other international agencies. The latest one is entitled Examining recent trends in poverty, inequality, and vulnerability written by Dr.Jose Ramon Albert and Mr. Andre Philippe Ramos of the Philippine Institute for Development Studi es (PIDS) which has produced over the years some very useful policy-oriented studies that can guide decision fashioning in both the government and the private sector. The conclusion of the study is non a very happy one. As establish on statistics released by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) for 2000, 2003, and 2006, poverty in the Philippines is seen not to make up substantially changed since the start of the millennium.Although on that point was a reduction of the relation of the population who were considered poor from 33. 6 percent in 2000 to 30 percent in 2003, the poverty rate in 2006 increased to practically where it was at the blood line of the millennium at 32. 9 percent. Poverty has remained mostly unchanged and has also continued to be a predominantly countrified phenomenon, with three out of every four persons found in the rural areas. The outlook looks even bleaker if the Philippine preservation continues to grow at the same pace as it did in th e last decade or so.It provide take more than 17 years for half of the poor to exit poverty even if the per capita incomes of all persons in the bucolic were to increase uniformly by 2 percent annually (adjusted for inflation). It will take an average time of 40 years for the poor to exit poverty if annual growth per capita is at 1 percent. It is quite evident from these projections that the Philippine economy moldiness grow at 7 percent or more annually for the next ten or more years for there to be a significant reduction in poverty.A 7 percent growth in gross domestic product would mean about 5 percent annual growth in per capita income since population growth is a little under 2 percent per annum. The experiences of the East Asian countries over the last twenty years (especially China) is that a growth of at least 7 percent in GDP annually for 20 years or more can make a significant dent on mass poverty. The Philippines has not attained this uphold growth of 7 percent or mor e over the last two decades mainly because of flawed economic policies based on import-substitution industrialization and an address neglect of awkwardside and agricultural development.We can be optimistic that the 7 percent or more growth is attainable in the next decade or so because lessons have been learned from the past errors. Today, there is greater emphasis on export-oriented industrialization and more importantly, there is keener focus on rural and agricultural development. A greater portion of the capital budget of the Government is being spent on farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities. No longer is agriculture considered as the Cinderella of development. The study of Dr. Albert and Mr.Ramos also showed that in the rural areas, those at the lower and middle portions of the income distribution benefited less from growth during the period studied than those at the upper end of the distribution. They found out that while inequality went down a s a whole for the country and urban areas for the period 2000 to 2006, the rural areas suffered from increased inequality largely brought about by differences in the top of the income distribution ladder. In view of these changes in income distribution, headcount poverty in the country decreased only by 0. 7 percent.Had there been no worsening of the inequality seen in the rural areas where the upper-income groups were the ones who benefited more from growth, headcount poverty would have fallen from 33. 6 percent to 22. 6 percent. The very venial gains in the fight once against poverty can be attributed to improper targeting mechanisms for propoor projects and the absence of monitoring and evaluation systems for program implementation. The authors recommended that propoor public interventions that do not seem to have an impact should be reoriented, especially those with implementation and targeting issues.Policies and programs oriented toward the prevention of the transmission of poverty from one generation to the next, especially by way of human imagery investments and population management must be essential components of any sustainable reduction strategy of poverty and vulnerability. The authors have something positive to say about the moot program of the present Administration of conditional cash transfers to the poorest of the poor. They opine that a conditional cash transfer program, if well executed and monitored, shows promise. Improving nonfarm income in rural areas must also be a policy thrust.My view is that these nonfarm incomes can come from tourism, transport and telecom, processed food products, housing and construction, garments and clothing accessories and other down in the mouth and medium-scale enterprises that can be located in the rural areas once road and telecom networks are improved. The Philippine nautical graduate(prenominal)way is a real asset for the mobilization of non-farm rural employment. The Report concludes that sustain ed economic growth can dramatically reduce poverty (which would mean at least 7% annual GDP growth for the next twenty years) but this entails a serious management of resources, including population management. If by population management, the authors mean a drastic redistribution of the 93 million people in the Philippines away from monstrous urban areas like Metro Manila to the sparsely populated regions such as Isabela, Cagayan, Aurora, Quezon, Bicol, Leyte, Samar and numerous other rural areas, then they are right. With improved rural infrastructures such as farm-to-market roads, domestic seaports and airports, telecom facilities and educational institutions, this more efficient distribution of population will go a long way to reducing poverty in the rural areas.But if they mean reducing family sizes, the authors are contradicting themselves. They repeat over and over again that poverty is predominantly a rural phenomenon and is concentrated in the households of small farmers wh o are poor because they have been deprived by the State of the support infrastructures they need to earn decent incomes. They have to draw water from the rivers, plow their fields with the most primitive methods, bring their goods to the market using roads in the most horrible state of disrepair, etc. How can you tell these rural families to have only two children?The only resources they have precisely are their children, who many times are asked to leave school at an early age because they are needed for farm work. Until the rural infrastructures are significantly improved, these rural families would need and inadequacy to have many children. III-DEDUCTIVE REASONING REFLECTING IF POVERTY WILL HAPPEN TO OUR FAMILY WE WILL FACE IT TOGETHER I WILL HELP MY PARENTS TO EARN MONEY SO THAT WE CAN EAT 3X A DAY . INTERPRETING Conditionwhere peoples basicneedsforfood, clothing, and shelter are not being met.Poverty is generally of twotypes (1) irresponsible poverty is synonymous with desti tution and occurs when people cannotobtainadequateresources(measured intermsofcaloriesor nutrition) tosupporta minimum level of physicalhealth. rank(a) povertymeansabout the same everywhere, and can be eradicated as demonstrated by somecountries. (2) Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by agovernment(and enjoyed by thebulkof thepopulation) that vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country.Relative poverty occurs everywhere, is said to be increasing, and may never be eradicated. APPLYING More people need to realize that jail real is not worth the trouble, when a legal system for earning is available, as long as, one is willing to learn about it. Those who work jobs that they hate, do so, because they have no other choice or cannot see what other choices they do have. Millions of people go to work every day, angry with their boss or superior, and dread walk of life in the door.Their job does n othing to stimulate their learning or allow them to gain anything new. It is a damn shame that many jobs have become departmentalized dead-end, non- gold making positions. You routinely go in and do the same thing over again, there is no growth out of your position. It is not meant to have a fill impact on profits, but does have an indirect effect on profits. The poverty problem, like I said earlier, is just a lack of knowledge. There are plenty of people who simply do not have the knowledge they need or require, to progress forward.There are some people who have addiction problems, and ended up homeless, because they were most likely not brought up properly. This is attributed to many different factors, but most of all family. EVALUATING Rapid Population product Given that the population of the Philippines is increasing at a rapid rate of 2. 36% per year, it can be translated as an increase of more than 5,000 people effortless in a country, which already has an increase of more than four million poor people since 1985. In 1985, the absolute number of people living in poverty was 26. 5 million.This increased to 30. 4 million in 2000 and from 2006 to 2009, increased by almost 970,000 Filipinos from 22. 2 million to 23. 1 million. As the Philippines has financially express mail resources and a high poverty rate, the rapid increase in population has become a problem because there is already insufficient resources to support the population, which leaves much fewer resources to improve the economy. From 2003 to 2006, even though the Philippines experienced above-average economic growth, the poverty incidence actually increased as a result of its population growth rate.Unemployment Poverty reduction has not kept up with GDP growth rates, largely due(p) to the high unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality. From 2000 to 2009, the economy of Philippines grew by 3. 2% on average annually, which was on par with the economic performance of it s neighbors. However, this recent growth did not translate into more jobs. Unemployment in the Philippines has been high in comparison to its neighbors, at around 7. 5% to 8. 0% since 2006.Sources Philippine Development Plan Asian Development Bank (ADB), 2010 National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) *Average for the period 2001-2010 As the worlds second largest archipelago, the Philippines have faced difficulty in job creation due to its inability to thread more foreign, direct investments. Diwa Guinigundo, whom is the Central Bank Deputy Governor, mentioned that while capital flows are turning to the emerging markets, foreign, direct investments to the Philippines remain relatively low due to the weak investment climate.The Philippines have hefty business procedures, poor tax and customs administration, weak protection against expropriation and high-energy cost. This poor investment climate has special the Philippines ability to grow and create jobs. Therefore, the poverty rate remains constant over the years. SOLVING PROBLEM 1. Employment generation Carefully and extensively planned employment programs funded by the government can spur growth in jobs. Industries requiring substantial labour forces can also be given significantly big aid from the government.Focus should be placed on developing companies that offer sustainable and long-term jobs to the community. Companies should also budget sufficiently for employee training and related community programs, so that employees and prospective employees can keep their skills relevant and up-to-date. 2. Drawing on various social institutions to fund poverty fighting programs e. g. charities, research institutions, U. N. , non-profit institutions, universities. Money funnelled from every organization available adds up to powerful sums that can produce tangible change.When organizations develop an interest, albeit vested, they tend to be more strongly motivated. Organizations that have a concrete remnant t o achieve with strict project plans are able to efficiently concentrate their efforts into producing change. For this reason charities with numerous middlemen organizations should be discouraged to ensure money reaches those in need. wideness should be given to organizations that follow the teach a man to fish ideology rather than the give the man a fish one, unless in super dire emergency circumstances. 3. Transparency in government spendingWhere and how a government chooses to spend taxpayers money and its own revenue should be visible to the media and the common man. This makes governments responsible for their actions and inaction becomes easier to pinpoint and address. It also discourages corruption in government systems. For example, transparency will be especially beneficial to civilians whose government might be allotting money to its nuclear weapons program instead of to its poverty programs. CONCLUSION The main problem in our country nowadays is poverty. Many experts ma de a research on how to solve it.Most in the community of the Philippines are graving. But sad to say that until now it is still in the stage of calamity. Poverty happens everywhere. They think citiesmay offer them a better-off living. They think theyll be much better off living in the cities than in their own villages, which only offer them natural resources. Being rich and having a great sum of money instantly are often the cause of massive exodus. What happens later is beyond their expectations they become jobless, homeless, and the worse impact is that they are inefficient to return to their villages for they dont even have money to return.Most poor people who battle hunger deal with chronic undernourishment and vitamin or mineral deficiencies, which result in stunted growth, weakness and heightened susceptibility to illness. Poor children are the most prone to this and are often the victims to malnutrition, deficiencies, diseases and ultimately deaths caused by hunger. The per sons who are in the position must have enough knowledge about the solutions on the problem. They should make a step by step process to ensure the proper on the orbicular major problem.

One of the Freedom Fighters; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his component part in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He conduct the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts lead to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. On October 14 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial disagreement through nonviolence. In the next few years leading up to his death, he expanded his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. and beyond urinate been renamed in his honor. Heres an excerpt from his famous speech I have a dream I have a dream that one day this nation entrust rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of reason slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my tetrad little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin that by the content of their character. I have a dream todayI have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its culpable racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream todayI have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.

Economic Growth Essay

In any nation, the government policies, institutions, and laws collaborate to create a growth infrastructure which coordinates, enables, and encourages the scotch behavior that results in the accumulation of human ceiling, physical capital, natural resources, and technology. These resources have a role in generating sustained long-run economic growth. Physical capital refers to the tools that are employ to leverage the productive ability of an average worker. Physical capital includes transportation equipments, computers, machinery, and factories which facilitate the production of goods and services.They expand the capacity of an economy to make water goods in the future, thereby promoting economic growth. (Jones, 2002) Human capital refers to the numerous abilities that enable an average worker to apply and understand new, productive knowledge. An increase in the bank line of human capital is achieved through education and on the job training. This equips workers with the appr opriate skills to increase production, and, therefore, increasing economic growth. Natural resources provide the raw materials that are used in the production of goods and services.A nation that is endowed with adequate natural resources and has tools to extract them, can acquire the necessary raw materials for production and improve its economic growth in the long-run. Technological knowledge is used to bring scarce resources together to produce the required services and goods. Technology facilitates the production of better and more output from a given quantity of scarce economic resources, and this is what sustains the economic well-being, and drives economic growth of a nation.(Jones, 2002) The government through its policies and institutions can discourage or contribute to long-run growth. The government can encourage growth by developing power, transport, and other utilities. Growth can also be encouraged by using policies that will result in stable and low inflation. Heavy t axation by the government will discourage economic growth as it will reduce investments in the economy. Reference Jones, I. C. (2002). Introduction to economic growth. New York, NY W. W. Norton & Company.

History of Architecture in Puerto Rico Essay

Puerto Rico was first discoered by Christopher Columbus in 1493. He named the place San Juan Baustista and sooner or ulterior the people called it Boriquen Tierra del alto senor or the Land of the Noble Lord. Juan securer de Leon became the soils first governor . Upon his arrival, he constituted a colony in Caparra until such time that Caparra had to be moved to a nearby location with a sound environment.The name Caparra was changed to Puerto Rico which means Rich Port because its take for is among the best in the world (Everyculture. com, n. d. . Antilles has a series of islands closely situated together with extends more than one thousand miles from Florida all the way to Venezuela or mho America. There is the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico together with Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Haiti form p contrivance of the Greater Antilles. Puerto Rico is the smallest island in the easternmost part of Greater Antilles with a roughly rectangular shape (Solbo ricua. com,1998). The element, design and architecture of a particular place is as much important as every liaison else.It is architecture that gives meaning to the place. wide-cut architecture is a reflection of a outlandishs triumphs and adventures. Architecture at its best light makes the outline of the country. Buildings, cathedrals and theaters scream out the somebodyality of the area and the people . A simple architecture can turn a piece of art into a masterpiece but great architecture breathes vivification into anything thereby enabling it to achieve a harmonious blend with the society. It is evident in the countrys architecture that Puerto Rico has a substantial meat of Spanish influence during the course of time.The condensed, twisting cobblestone can be similarly compared with Andalusia of Spain. San Juan, otherwise known as La Ciudad Amurallada which is the capital city was founded in 1521. San Juan has a classic lawsuit of Spanish architecture, it is phratry to hundreds of reminiscent historical events. It has more than four hundred years of history stored inside a soldiery threshold. The landmarks of the San Felipe del Morro are considered as one of Puerto Ricos most prized treasures. After the commonwealth renovation, San Juan was turned into one of the most amazing tourist spot in the world.The city was reinforced using Spanish curriculums which was organized to make intersecting and perpendicular streets and plazas all over the city. Spanish architecture was brought back in the country during the American occupation. The families belonging to the elites built rampartes and castles that resemble Art Deco structures (Everyculture. com, n. d. ). Puerto Rico has been the home of 16th and 19th century architecture. This country has been the home of classical, contemporary and medieval architecture. knightly architecture can be earnn as well in the San Juan church which was built in the 16th century.The El Morro Fortress is considered a n international site. This is a six-level fortress that was built in 1540 and was finished in 1589. The name San Felipe del Morro was adopted in honor of King Phillip II. This building is filled with dungeons and tunnels. It is now under the administration of the field Park Service. Along side the El Morro is the San Cristobal Fort. This ancient structure provided one of the largest defense in the history of America. Like the El Morro, it also contains mazes and tunnels which are built to stand on its own if ever the others would fall.Another architectural wonder in Puerto Rico was the Plaza del Mercado which was an old market that had been revived and turned into a piece of tourist spot. The government allocated a substantial amount of their budget in order to restore their heritage (The Puerto Rico Channel, 2009). The part of Old San Juan is the home of breathtaking tourist attractions. Every year, more and more people go to Puerto Rico rather than any place in the Caribbean. Thi s is the perfect place to see if people want to get a picture of the Old World. There are several plazas such as the Plaza de San Jose.In the center of it stands the statue of Ponce de Leon made entirely of dye. Plaza del Quinto Centenario has Christopher Columbus statue about forty feet made in ceramic and granite which can be interpreted to mean as a symbolism of American roots. It was the work of one of the countrys top artist, Jaime Suarez. Another interesting site would be the Plaza de Armas which has four statues each over a hundred years old, symbolizing the four seasons. Plaza de Colon otherwise known as Columbus Square contains tablets made in bronze in order to remember the significant aspects of his life.The Plaza de la Rogativas main attraction was the sculpture of the procession of a pious lady. This piece of art signifies an important event which happened in that same place in 1797. In that year, a British troop lead by Sir Ambercrombie sailed onto the coast of San J uan bay with the plan of attacking the city and taking control. The plan failed so they resulted in alternate plan of blocking the port of the city in the hopes of starving the residents until they come into a point of surrender. The whole town grew desperate so the governor told the people to call for divine assistance.In response, all the women in town gathered and organise a procession carrying bells and torches. When the British heard the bell and saw all the lights, they thought that reinforcements came to the aid of the people so they left ( Puerto Rico, 2009). It is a wonderful thing that Puerto Rico imbibed the rich culture of Spain during its colonization but as good as it may be, the country also has its own pure and uninfluenced Puerto Rican architecture. An example would be its very own Caribe Hotel. Its colors, structure and striking murals reflect its own rich culture and not Spains.The main feature of of this hotel is that it was once a part of the medieval fort that the Spanish explorers used (The Puerto Rico Channel, 2009). The beauty of this country is that it never runs out of sights that stand out during the course of time. A person can look every direction and see pieces of architecture lying all over the country such as fortresses, parks, churches and buildings. La Fortaleza was built as a defense against attacks of the Indians. This structure was the very first among the several military concentration camps that were constructed along side the San Juan Bay.The original structure underwent changes because of the passing of the time so in the late 1800s, this building was reconstructed. Puerto Rico also has its very own Madrid in the heart of San Juan city, it is called Alcadia. When it comes to churches, Puerto Rico has a handful. The San Juan Cathedral, the second oldest cathedral in the west was built in 1521. The very first building was made of wood but it got destroyed by a hurricane two times, once in 1540 and again in 1598. The Cat hedral standing today was the result of efforts to restore the structure that once was in order to preserve the its heritage.In the church lies the grave of the countrys first ever governor Ponce de Leon. The San Jose Church was the first ever church and monastery of Saint Thomas Aquinas which was constructed by the Dominicans in the memory of Saint Thomas de Aquinas and also to serve not only as a refuge but a sanctuary as well. Puerto Rico is a country blessed with museums. The Pablo Casals Museum is considered a Spanish legacy . It contains artifacts, memorabilia and library full of tapes of festivals and concerts. Casa de los Dones or the domiciliate of the Two Foyers is Puerto Ricos home of the Indians located at the streets of San Juan.It is full of archaeological exhibits. The Asilo de Beneficencia was built to help poor people. It was constructed during the 1800s . The place now offers exhibits everyday, it is called the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. Puerto Ricos White kinsfolk called the Casa Blanca was the former residence of Governor Ponce de Leon and his childrens children for over two hundred years. After the military took over, they used it as home for the commanders. The White House today holds over several rooms each designed with a different period associated with the history of the house (Puerto Rico, 2009).Many art lovers and scholars firmly opine that architecture greatly contributes to the pillar of success of any nation. Puerto Rico is a classic example that architecture gives life to the nation. Through a countrys architecture, its history can be fully appreciated. Somebody once said that the present can never be understood without knowing the past. In the same way, the value of Puerto Ricos deep and rich culture can never be fully appreciated without the beaming architectural structures of the fortresses, cathedrals and museums.These architectural pieces holds in time all that the country went through, from the time when the isl and was first discovered until the Spanish colonization and the modernization. Every memory that the country holds dear are steps absent from each other. Taking a look and examining the historical landmarks all over Puerto Rico enables any person to take a trip down the countrys very own memory lane. The country itself is a living memorabilia of everything that went through its nation and this fact can be greatly attributed to its architecture.

Office Dakota Products Case Analysis

Office Dakota Products Case Analysis Course BUSA 5061 Managerial Accounting Students Name Teresa Willette Professors Name Dr. Conner/Dr. Pollard Date 3/20/2011 Executive Summary The undermentioned analysis is written for Dakota Office Products to estimate current business operations and recommend future actions necessary to ensure high society success. In the analysis of the play along we will identify inefficient business practices that have led to the companies first profit vent in its history.We will evaluate the social clubs current determine structure, ordering methods, shipping and delivery process, and deficiencies in cash flows. For Dakota Office Products (DOP), its living costing dodge was inadequate because it is incap adequate to(p) of account for scour all of the known be such as the desktop delivery service as well as hidden be such as the ten percent DOP paid to maintain its working capital line of credit for accounts receivable.Using the body process Based Costing(ABC) methodology can be utilized to also improve processes and identify opportunities to improve business effectiveness and efficiency by determining the true or real costs of a given over overlap or service. ABC principles are used to focus guidances attention on the total cost to produce a intersection point or service, and as a basis for full cost recovery of a production or service process. Background Information The association under the study, Dakota Office Products, is an complete and reputed player under this segment.They were regional distributors for office supplies and the major clientele served by the bon ton included institutional and commercial clients. It dealt with all kind of office supplies scratch line from all kinds of writing equipment to papers and other office supplies. The company has been able to carve a good name for itself in the industry. The company had also consistent for several distribution centers where the shipments were required to be unloaded and packed into cartons meant to be delivered to the respective customers.In order to subjoin the utility for its customers, the company had introduced the desk top plectrum for its valued customers. Under this option, the company will use its own fleet to directly deliver the goods at the customers premises. The company charged a small extra amount of upto 2% of the marked price for this additional value added service. This decision was made keeping in mind that such a decision could gain ground the margins of the company. The company had the policy of marking the sales price by 15% over and above the purchase price. This policy was framed o ensure that the overheads and loony toons cost of the materials could be made up from the mark up. The company would then add another mark up to ensure coverage of general expenses and section of the company. The mark up decision was taken at the beginning of the year based on the projected cost of the different products of the company. Key Issues The management is go about with major pricing and costing issue for its products. The company has been using the traditional costing method to compute the cost of the product provided to the clients.The company then adds a mark up as per its policy to come up at the selling price of the product. As a result of not following the use Based Costing, the company has not been able to cost the products realistically. This has sink to mispricing of the products and resultant overall loss to the company. The fact that an increase in sales has not lead to an increased profits, instead, it has resulted in increased losses has exposed the limitations of the cost accounting system of the company. The company has not been able to increase its profits.This has led the management to study that the existing cost accounting system has some serious flaws which needs to be rectified on an immediate basis so as to annul making bad decision direct to losses to the company. The company should now be contemplating the implementation of Activity based costing system so as to ensure proper recording of information which will lead to optimum decision making for the company as a whole thus contribute to the growth of the company through increased profitability. The key issue presented in front of the management is the possible steps to be taken by the management in order to avoid such losses.Critical Thought The issue addressed by the accounting system of Dakota office products invites our attention to the premise of Activity Based costing methodology. We are certain about the fact that the accounting and reporting system at Dakota Office Product is inappropriate and is leading to the company making wrong decision ultimately leading to losses. This was apparent from the record where the company was able to increase its sales without a corresponding increase in the profits for that particular year.Activity based costing system is an approach which seeks to allocate the overhead cost to the products on a scientific and realistic basis. The existing system of allocating cost at Dakota Office products were inadequate in so much so that it was following an unreasonable basis for allocating the cost, which were known and visible, such as the desktop delivery cost. The existing system was suffering from oversight of some of the expenses. ABC costing system seeks to overcome the problem of oversight and make a more reasonable allocation of the costs.The distinctive feature of this method is the fact that the method can provide useful insights to the management as to the activities which are leading to the cost by identifying the cost drivers, rates and the number of activity undertaken. This can also help the management redesign the operational system such that the costs associated with the products are reduced. We must also note that the traditional method of costing adapted by Dakota Office Products are typically designed for companies wh o are transaction with only a single product, or homogeneous products.However Dakota Office Products have come to a stage that they are dealing in quaternary products such as writing instruments to copier to pages, thus it makes the traditional costing method even more impractical to be followed by the company. This company was dealing in numerous products and was also making strides in adapting varied operational methodologies such as the desktop delivery or the sales through e commerce internet sites. The operations of the company are such that it would be apt for the company to establish a cost driver rates and go through those rates in the products of the company.The cost driver rates could also be used by the company while applying the cost overheads to some other products that the company may be planning in the future. The existing system of the company involves use of many activities and the company has been able to regularize the operations of the company and is work out about the operational goals that need to be fulfilled by the company. The company is dealing in an industry where the products are quite heterogeneous in personality and once the products are purchased there is very little scope of application of direct materials or labor.The major cost that is expected to be incurred is the overhead costs which are f factual dependent upon the number of activities undertaken to accomplish the task. The cost drivers need to be ascertained before the application of the cost drivers to the number of activities attributable to the product as regards the particular activity. Alternate Solution A noteworthy fact is that the company has posted increased losses in spite of an increase in overall sales of the company. The objective of the exercise is to let the management be aware of the reasons as to why the company has osted losses even after an increase in the sales. Moreover, the management needs to be shown the way by which the company could remedial action so that the managements direction is towards the right direction. The alternate solution functional to the company could be enlisted as follows Increase in selling price of the products Review the accounting procedures and implement the change required in accounting procedures arrest the product which reports a loss We will make a brief study of the above alternatives before forming an opinion on any of the alternatives.As the company is operating in a competitive market, so an increase in selling price of the products is expected to have far reaching repercussions in the finger that the company could go on to lose clients and contracts which could lead to even lower sales and higher losses. Moreover, the existing accounting procedure is inappropriate to produce the actual cost of the product. The computation of actual cost of the product is important in the backdrop of the company policy to add a mark up on the cost price of the goods.If the accounting system is inapprop riate to calculate the cost of the cost, then it would be inappropriate to add a mark up on the goods based on the cost as produced by the existing accounting procedure. A review of the accounting procedure is duly called for as the existing accounting procedure is not appropriate. The accounting procedure is not apt for a company having multiple products and multiple processes, and very little expenses on the direct materials and labor. covering and implementation of the ABC system will be able to contribute to the accounting procedure adapted by the company.A product which is not able to contribute to the overall profits of the company could be considered to be discontinued. However, the decision of the product to be discontinued lies with the management and the accounting system. As mentioned earlier, the accounting system is not fit, so the company should first implement an ABC costing system in order to make proper decision regarding the costing and pricing of various products as well as the costing of servicing various clients.Implementation Measures and Follow up Dakota was following the traditional method of allocating overheads across the product lines. The overheads were not allocated to the products based on the activity undertaken for the manufacture of the product. This led to mispricing of the product and also led to difficulty in taking optimum decision for the company as a whole. The company had incurred losses in spite of an increase in sales, because the company was selling a product at a loss (which was not detected by the traditional costing system).We need to identify the activities on which the cost is dependant, in order to calculate the cost driver rate. The following are the activities identified Processing of Cartons (Activity 1) Service Involving Desktop Delivery (Activity 2) tramp Handling (Activity 3) Data Processing and penetration (Activity 4) Activity 1 Amount of Expenses = store Personnel Expense (90%) + Items Purchased = 9 0%*2400000+35000000 = 2160000 + 35000000 = 37160000. Activity Driver (Processing of Carton) = 80000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 1 = 37160000 / 80000 = $ 464. 5 per carton.Activity 2 Amount of Expenses = warehouse Personnel Expense (10%) + Delivery Truck Expense = 10%*2400000+200000 = 240000 + 200000 = 440000 Activity Driver (Desktop Delivery) = 2000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 2 = 440000 / 2000 = $ 220 per carton. Activity 3 Amount of Expenses = Warehouse Expense + Freight = 2000000+450000 = 2450000 Activity Driver (Orders) = 16000+8000 = 24000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 3 = 2450000 / 24000 = $ 102. 083 per order. Activity 4 Amount of Expenses = Order Entry Expenses = 800000 Activity Driver (Orders Line) = 150000 Cost Driver Rate for Activity 4 = 800000 / 150000 = $ 5. 3 per line. The implementation involves computing the profitability of the two clients A gross revenue Cost Gross Margin No of Cartons Ordered 464. 5 92900 9290 0 B 1040 103000 00 8500 85000 0 1900 18000 0 Desk top Deliveries 220 Order Handling 102. 083 1224. 996 Data Entry 5. 33 Total Cost 319. 8 94444. 8 959. 4 1095 67. 7 5567. 7 1020 8. 3 0 5500 Contribution 8555. 204 The following are the main causes of struggle in profitability between the two customers Customer B has a desktop deliver of 25 whereas customer A has none. The number of data instauration for customer B is 180 whereas it is about 60 for customer A.References Michael H. Granof, David E. Plat, Igor Vaysman. (2000). Using Activity-Based Costing to Manage More Effectively. http//costkiller. net/tribune/Tribu-PDF/Using-Activity-BasedCosting-to-Manage-More-Effectively. pdf Rockford Consulting, retrieved meet 21, 2011, from http//rockfordconsulting. com/activitybased-costing%20(ABC). htm Value based management, retrievd March 21, 2011, from http//www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_abc. html Dakota Products Case Office Analysis Course BUSA 5061 Managerial Accounting Students Name Teresa Willette Professors Name Dr. Conner/ Dr. Pollard Date 3/20/2011

Laptops replace textbook Essay

The initial reaction to this question by many people is, What a goofy question However, there be many key issues to cast, like cost, ease of using up (is the computer screen too hard on our eyes for gigantic reading?), maintenance and repair (if students carry them from class to class, will they break?), only most importantly, student nabing (what is the best way to help students learn?). In order to come to a conclusion on the subject, all of these issues must be explored.CostFirst lets look at cost. Publishers fucking create a CD of their texts, and at a greatly reduced price because there is no convey for write up, printing and binding. However the cost scum bag be spread to the purchasers in other ways. The need for the technology to use the CDs is the largest expense. However, most districts spend money on technology already, and with the purchase of a laptop for each student, the need for computer labs should eventually become minimal or obsolete as laptops are pur chased.This should be considered when looking at cost of purchasing laptops and text CDs. A nonher side effect of giving, renting or requiring student purchase of laptops is that other computer functions like word process and PowerPoint should be included with the initial purchase, and all students will capture similar ability to access programs to pure(a) homework assignments. Reading a computer screen can be difficult for long expanses of text, so I think that the cost of printing saved by the publishers will be passed on to the owner of the pressman to which student computers are connected, though the cost will be considerably less than binding a textbook.Some students may not be form in keeping pages in order, or throw away the chapters after they are finished, so if students want to refer to the book in the future, they may make up ones mind a need to reprint parts of the book.Paper will inevitably be wasted. The actual cost difference may be hard to discern, but it is li kely that a laptop with digital text combination, in the end, will be more expensive. The question is, what are the priorities of the school district? Should school districts break student learning in the interest of a cost savings? Some computer companies gainer special programs,or quantity discounts. Some districts may require parents to purchase laptops. Henrico County Public Schools in ia, offers insurance on laptops, which the school system owns, to parents for $50.Tracy Unified School District in California at their ask school, Discovery Charter School, has implemented a laptop program, and replaced their textbooks with laptops for 20% more than the cost of textbooks. They expect the costs to decrease because, in the future, they will only need to replace laptops that are broken, and purchase new discs for their textbooksEase of useNext, consider ease of use. If a school can hook up a radiocommunication network, students should be subject to access online sources from mo st places in the school, including get hold of hall. Teachers should no longer hear that students could not get into the depository library or lab to complete assignments, and students will be free to explore the ability of the technology more completely.In fact, teachers may find themselves changing their method of teaching to best go for the technology. Schools that implement a laptop program should employ technology people to teach students and teachers how to use them, to maintain the machines, as well as keep networks in order. This is very important to help minimize frustration on the part of students and teachers. It is very frustrating to occupy a lesson planned and not be able to go forward because things out of your control are not working properly.Student learningStudent learning is the most important thing to consider when deciding teaching methods. Laptop computers allow for more interactivity with subjects by using multimedia methods. Publishers Holt, Rinehart and W inston show concepts like photosynthesis using animation which enhances printed words on the subject. Students can also reach WebQuests and other simulations such as frog dissections on the Internet. Students can create projects using PowerPoint and many other programs to illustrate what they spend a penny learned. every(prenominal) these things financial backing a constructivist atmosphere which has been shown to enhance learning.Pros and consA good way to analyze the question is to create a list of pros and cons on the subject. In the social class of prosThe ability to replace outdated and incorrect information quickly and inexpensively.Computer literacy, which can be important in the job world, becomes second nature to students who have constant access to a computer.Interactivity is enhanced with laptops and a constructivist atmosphere is fostered.Use of laptops allow a student led atmosphere by instituting a more project-based method of learning, also promoting a constructivi st atmosphere.Concepts are easier to grasp when presented in a multimedia way.A laptop for each student builds a bridge crosswise the digital divide.Giving students an expensive piece of equipment encourages responsibility for the equipment.Many students and teachers who have been part of laptop programs in schools report increased organization capability.Students can parcel out places with teachers, offering new information that was not known to the teacher or class, fostering a sense of pride and self-esteem.Some texts offer students the ability to sidle up and annotate while testing.Teachers in laptop schools report that students create longer and more well written assignments because they need not use resource books to come outspelling and grammar mistakes. Students report that they learn well-nigh writing styles kick downstairs because of the instantaneous corrections.If the district uses digital texts, students will not need to carry huge and sinister textbooks from clas s to class. Backpacks will be lighter and damage to spines will be less likely. Students also may need to spend less time in their lockers. The cons are not as numerous, but contain more weighty itemsThe possibility of theft (will the laptops make students a target?)Breakage and maintenance are expensive and can cause students to lose time on projects.The laptops themselves are expensive, although virtually vendors offer huge discounts to schools and for quantities purchased.There is a need to have a good connection to the Internet, preferably a wireless one.The teachers must be on board, or they will not utilize the laptops and the resource will be wasted (and the money spent will be wasted).Plagiarism is a greater temptation with easier access to the Internet.Students may become distracted and get off task more easily.Technology failure, of all types.In fact, on a survey given to teachers at Piscataquis Community High School in Maine on their One-to-One Laptop Program, there were only three main complaints after two years of involvement in the program 1) Laptops causing distractions, 2) inappropriate use of the computers, and 3) technology failure.One perspective to consider is that when school districts buy textbooks, students have a few activities they can accomplish using them. They can read and study to learn. They may find practice quizzes and further resources in textbooks but they must take the initiative to go to the library, or search for information, and grade their quizzes.The functions of a textbook are few, though important. When a school districts buys a laptop and digital information for a student, the student finds him/herself able to not only read and study to learn, but able to fully synthesize the information with interactive quizzes, and links for further information, as well as an ability to produce a paper or other end product. Students will not need to have a computer at home, or visit a public library or computer lab to complete thei r assignments.As well, all students will be using the same programs. The most useful places to find information about laptop programs is from schools that have implemented them for three years or more, so the Hawthorne affect has diminished, since most of them have been in the news, studied or scrutinized in some way. Also by then, the novelty of using new technology, which can inspire students to study more, has worn off. In Maine, standardized test scores for eighth graders have been only slightly elevated or the same over non-laptop schools.In an article by Andrew Speyer called Technology in Schools Why Laptops?, Mr. Speyer states that A laptop in a classroom will not result in students having higher SAT scores. It will not guarantee that students will have higher grades, better attention, or learn the daily material more completely. . . Control will shift from a teacher-based experience to a collaborative experience. If there is any genius argument for the use of laptops in a c lassroom this would be it. Even with no significant improvement in scores, laptops are still worth having because they support constructivist methods, which has been shown to improve learning.In fact, the question that arises in the newest literature is not Should schools use laptop computers?, but Can hand helds replace laptops?ConclusionLaptops can not only replace textbooks, but can enhance student learning overall. Using computers on a consistent basis can move a classroom toward a more collaborative method of learning. With laptops students would beable to have access to the Internet for research, word processing, and PowerPoint programs anytime, even in study hall.If a school district can take the money they would normally spend on textbooks and add some of their technology money, they may be able to action a oddment of providing a laptop computer for each student over time. Even if standardized test scores remain the same, there are still advantages to having a laptop for e ach student.Regular Ed students write longer, more complete assignments, possibly due to ease the of using word processing and better resource searching ability. Buying laptops and digital textbooks may be a huge step to take, but a district may be able to work their way into them slowly by introducing laptops a grade level at a time, or in various other ways. If the goal of the district is to maximize student learning, individual laptops may be a good way to do it. Laptop learning supports constructivist activities, which have been shown to improve learning.Activities which students have a say in choosing for themselves, and choosing their own methods to complete, allow them to become more enthusiastic and involved with their learning. They can become more like partners in their own learning, rather than fairly inactive absorbers. With a laptop a complete project can be accomplished, but with a textbook, only half of a project can be accomplished.AUTHOR Alisa HumphreyReferencesCurt is, D. (2003, December 16). The Maine Event. Edutopia Online. Retrieved October 10, 2004 from http//www.glef.org/php/article.php?id=Art_1119. Chapman, G. (1998, June 15). Push to trade class textbooks for laptop PCs is a misuse of technology. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 6, 2004 from http//www.utexas.edu/lbj/21cp/laptops.htm. Cook, G. (2002, July). Laptop Learning. ASJB.com. 189 (7). Retrieved October 9, 2004 from http//www.asbj.com/2002/07/0702coverstory.html. Harris, Walter J. & Smith, Lori. (February 2004). Laptop use by seventh grade students with disabilities Perceptions of special education teachers. Maine EducationP

The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury

William Franklin, illegitimate son of Dr. gum benjamin Franklin grew up almost entirely in England. It was there that he earned his Masters degree from Oxford, got accepted to the bar and even married. He returned to America and 1763 and became regulator of New tee shirt. Although William was well educated and a powerful administrator, the office of the Governor was losing power and although his first deuce years were mainly uneventful, several scandals paved the way for his demise.The first being 8,000 pounds disappearing from the East Jersey Treasury and the second being his refusal to dismiss the Treasurer. Both these acts began to lead for very ill feelings towards him. Still, Franklin stayed loyal to the British crown, which non only cost him in the eyes of the residents but also stopped him for receiving much indispensable military support. In 1774 people began to reject the royal government and when the revolution began he was nearly low-powered in every way, to act again st it.It was his loyalty to England that strained his relationship with his father, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. As Williams unpopularity grew, so his relationship failed. After the American Revolution began, he made his siding with the Loyalists well k straightwayn and fought bitter with his father about his decision to remain a loyal patriot. As the War progressed, this internal contest grew. In 1775 William and Benjamin parted ways, neer to meet as friends again.With Americas opposition to Britain tightening, and now young Franklins motives being openly challenged, New Jersey took action. In 1776 the New Jersey sex act ordered Williams arrest and he was imprisoned until 1778 when he was exchanged. While imprisoned, William suffered both physically and emotionally. While on her deathbed George Washington wrote a letter to Congress asking that she be allowed to see William, but Benjamin did not weigh in, and the request was denied.After his release he stayed in New York for a brief p eriod and served as president of the Board of Associated Loyalists, a pro-British party that conducted guerilla war against the colonies. Four years later Williams returned to England, never to come back to America again. It is said that he did reconcile with his father in 1784, but upon Benjamin Franklins death he left William virtually none of his wealth and only mentioned him in his memoir is very indirectly and only to say they are on good standing.Dr. Franklin also makes the point that if had England had won the war, he would have no wealth to leave his son anyway. Some theorize that when William died in 1813, that he had reconciled with his father. Others say Benjamin did meet in England with William to forgive and forget. While history does prove this meeting, it does not prove any reconciliation and does state that Dr. Franklin slipped away on his last day, never saying goodby to his son.

Butterfly Ballot’s Case

In general, suffrage twistings are use by the suffragers to record their selection of a leader. The balloting devices are shopping centred in a polling carry so that the voters can have the complete privacy for casting his or her vote with extinct every disturbance. ab initio the ballot subjects were use by the voters during the alternatives that were conducted in Rome 139 BC. On the separate hand, in wedlock America the first time these paper ballots were used in the elections of 1629. The elections were conducted in the Massachusetts Bay settlement in order to select a new minister for the Salem Church.A nonher approach for the elections was used, the secret ballot. This method was first used in Australia in the early 1850s. The visualize of a ballot can assistance or restrain precision in the elections. Poor or weak designs can result in misunderstanding and a certain level of chaos among the voting process in facial expression a large quaintly of constituency member s messes up or mismark a ballot. During the United States chairpersonial elections in the course of instruction of 2000, other new approach known as the conf utilize ballot or the womanise ballot was utilized (Marcia Lausen, 2007). coquet Ballots Before going into details of a flutter ballot, it would be more appropriate to discuss briefly about ballots in common and particularly about the cowboy bills. As discussed earlier, ballot is a device or may be a system which is used by the voters to cast their vote in the favor of a particular person in the elections. Mostly, people have been bringing into play paper ballots of a range of varieties for reason outably a long time. Somewhere in the mid of the twentieth century, the laggard card ballots were invented.A punch card ballots registers applicants and publishes with subsequent numbered symbols. With a use of a stylus, a batch is punched into the card all the way through the mark that is embedded on the card. This is ho w a punch card is used to cast a vote. A category of a punch card is known as the butterfly ballot. (Lausen, Marcia. 2007) The butterfly ballots are structured in a way that the candidates and the issues are published on twain of the sides of the card. In the middle of the card, in that location is a single line which contains the numbered marks.In order to cast the vote, either of the comparable mark of the candidate is punched. Now the issue with this kind of confusing design can be that in case if a voter is in a hurry or he is with a unequal vision, the casted vote can be wasted or not counted due to both error in the punching. The subject of Butterfly ballot has been an intense issue is the past few years. This intense issue took place back in the year of 2000 in United States. The issue revolved around the elections that took place in Florida using the butterfly ballot.The main field of study of focus in this issue was the outcome that was determined using butterfly ball ots i. e. the recent Presidential elections of that year along with the extensive accusations of mismarked secret ballots (Daniel H. Pink, 2006). Structure of a Butterfly Ballot The well-known butterfly ballot from Florida marked two sheets of Presidential nominees. The superior applicant on the initial page was Republican, and whence came in the Democratic, most important individuals to consider that the equivalent subsequent mint must be utilized to mark your ballot for the Democrat.In actual position, the subsequent hole matched up to a Reform gathering applicant ( splatter Buchanan), who escorted the listing on the following page of the secret ballot. As an contain result, a lot of individuals selected and marked for the incorrect candidate by mistake, or happening to punch and then comprehended their blunder, creating grounds for a dimpled vote or lynching chads which resulted in counting ballots easier said than done, in view of the fact that the purpose of the person on t he electoral roll was not comprehensible (Matthew Justin Streb, 2008). The Florida strifeOne of the major primary focuses of the Florida controversy is the Palm bound Country. In 1996, during the month of November, on 9th of the month, Thursday, a number of investigators from the camp of bush were of an impression that approximately a total of sixteen thousand (16,000) voters obnoxiously and inappropriately casted their votes and punched their ballots. Later on the ballots were declined and canceled by the district send officials. Later on similarly in the year of 2000, a calculated estimation of about nineteen thousand (19,000) voters punched their votes in a vilify expression (Keith Lewis Topper, 2005).According to the camp of scrubbing, there wasnt s single authority that could have challenged the elections and the kind of ballots that were used in the voting of 1996. Even the format of ballots and elections of the year 2000 were not challenged by any official or any indiv idual. They also claim that the self-governing commissioner signed off on the 2000 ballot. This practice is to some extent part incorrect. A large quantity of electorates articulated their apprehensions with the ballot of the year 2000. Election bureaucrats in point of fact disseminated a word of warning soon after that in the day.If we go years back, almost to the 1980s, in 1984, a similar dispute was brought up. According to some federal review, the system was reported to be speculative and damaged in 1988. Considering all these issues that happened in the past with respect to the voting, on single question that smooth makes the nation think is that how is possible for a huge amount of people, approximately 35,000, to make the same immoral mistake of casting unauthorized votes and are left without even by the check of an official. The unusual design of the butterfly ballot came in with a number of controversies.Characteristically, a particular side of a punch card ballot inclu des together the applicants and concerns to be designated on and the openings for punching. In the circumstances of the butterfly ballot, the contenders were stretched out transversely on two pages, and the openings for punching were centered in the center of the two page stretch. In speculation, arrows were theoretical to bandage from each and every applicant to the equivalent opening which required being distinct, but small misfortunes of wrong or missed registrations possibly will reason the pointers to be not in proper alignment.This make the entire situation a challenging one in order to determine which the correct hole to be punched was. In Florida, butterfly ballots were not utilized from corner to corner of the state, and numerous detractors experientially said that they were utilise in conventionally Democratic areas, reasoning the determination outcome to be twisted, as Democratic electorates were nominal for the Reform applicant to a certain extent than the Democrat th ey considered they were choosing for.In view of the fact that the outline of the butterfly ballot privileged the Republican contender for President, lots of citizens pointed the finger at State of Florida of challenging to finagle the ballot votes consequences. Whether or not these allegations were accurate is still to be resolute, the drawing has not been extensively employed ever since, as it was obviously too puzzling for supporters countless districts also changed to electronic selection equipment, moderately than punch card ballots ( crowd T. Patterson, 2005).The Consequences of the Butterfly Ballot Case In Palm Beach Florida a lot of Democrats protested concerning the butterfly ballot being unsuitable and puzzling they accumulated a licit confrontation in opposition to the outcome of 2000 US Presidential voting. Several of the Democrats incorrectly designated for Reformist Pat Buchanan when they proposed to choose for Democrat Al bloodbath because of the baffling drawing of the ballot document, lots of blemished the ballot paper even as properly casting their vote or exhausted their ballot.Democrats discovered out Gore misplaced 6,607 ballots when electorates stroked other than one persons name on the countys butterfly ballot. Astonishingly there was a huge quantity of ballots in support of Reformist Pat Buchanan. One more portion of comment from the Democrats was the secret ballot was created by Theresa LePore, who was as well administering the voting for Palm Beach County. The arrangement was notwithstanding employed in the Palm Beach region and only when for Election Day election for President (Allan J. Lichtman, 2008). A number of voters for Gore voted for Pat Buchanan.This error was one of the major reasons for the success of President Bush by just a small margin. Even though registering a number of cases against this ballot by the Al Gore camp, they lost all the trials and were not able to prove that the election was an illegal one. aft(pren ominal) all this the Supreme Court sent out a numerous decisions saying that even if the election that took place was illegal, a new election cannot be proposed to take place in any case. This signalize was given by considering the fact that there is no such rule or authority to any country to conduct one election after another.On the other hand, when this case was taken to the high court, an entirely opposite approach came in the view. This approach stated towards the case declining to remark on whether a revote may possibly be prearranged for the presidential determinations releasing the case on the justifications that the butterfly ballot was in long fulfillment with Floridas Law. The superior obstacle further complicated to conquer for the judges was that surrenderly there was no obvious preparation accessible intended for such circumstances even though if it polite that the poll was the rationale for bewilderment among the constituency.As a result of the erroneous design o f the butterfly ballot, it was impossible to conclude that who actually won the elections of the year 2000. In order to open the Pandoras Box of election challenges there were reasons other than the unchangeable result of the elections that was caused by a simple confusing design of a ballot paper. The other major reason to open the Box was that there was no dependable technique of geological formation any rational time limit for deciding on Floridas member of the electorates the authentic intents of these supporters (J. David Woodard, 2006).Although the case of butterfly ballot was concluded without any treat to the camp of Gore, which indeed presented this case in a strict and legal manner. A certain amount of disappointment arose in the supporters of Gore, who went to the polling station with the intention to vote Gore and then fell victim to a simple design fault. They all were disheartened for the reason that the votes that they casted for Gore were never bothered to be regis tered. All this disappointment has always been an emotional state for the billet of Al Gore that in reality he really would have won the state of Florida.On the other hand the bushs followers laid the blame on the Democrats of building political personal matters elsewhere of election outcomes they didnt be fond of, cautioning the Democrats that if they required to turn over the early vote in Florida there were ample of new locations in the region of the nation now supporting Al Gore where parallel oppositions possibly will be elevated. Bushs camp was not speeding up into objects as Al Gore camp supporters they would declare themselves the victors on the foundation of the repeated recount and quell waiting the countdown did not ended.Later on, the supporters of Bush as well released doubts about the self-styled butterfly ballot in Palm Beach County, in which applicants given names became visible on whichever area of the ballot vote sheet, with holes representing hold up for them s uccessively down the middle. Bushs Camp stumbled off a listing of states and regions in the order of the country where they supposed consequences at present supporting Al Gore could still be terrified release to inquiry. The Bush camp talked about the sealed presidential outcomes in Iowa, Wisconsin and New Mexico.They as well said that truant votes still being calculated in a lot of divisions of the country could constrict the edge by which Al Gore is at present captivating the general accepted vote. The outline of the meeting by the Bush camp hoisted doubts of conflicts of abrasion in which the election procedure which was previously a cliffhanger with no convinced consequences could go on and on and mute self-confidence in the entire progression. The New York Daily News gave a statement on November 1 that the Bush camp was building tactics to take control of the November 7th voting.Bushs assistants were organizing to commence an anti-constitutional flak to knock over Al Gores co nquest if Bush accomplished something in sweet the accepted vote (Benjamin E. Griffith, 2008). Conclusion The cause there were 35,000 canceled ballets and not a particular criticism is that electorate were ill-informed they had created a mistake As a number of citizens take part in an election merely one time every four years, the need of knowledge with the process work to add to the eruption of mistake.The Supreme Court detained that the Florida Supreme Courts preparation for unfolding votes was illegal, as well as a 5-4 choice that ruined the Florida recount and permitted Florida to confirm its ballots. References Lausen, Marcia. 2007. Design for Democracy Ballot and Election Design. Published by University of lettuce Press Pink, Daniel H. 2006. A Whole New Mind Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future. Published by Riverhead Books Streb, Matthew Justin. 2008. Rethinking American Electoral Democracy. Published by Taylor & Francis Topper, Keith Lewis. 2005.The Disorder of Politi cal Inquiry. Published by Harvard University Press Patterson, James T. 2005. Restless Giant The United States from Watergate To Bush V. Gore. Published by Oxford University Press US Lichtman, Allan J. 2008. The Keys to the White support A Surefire Guide to Predicting the Next President. Published by Rowman & Littlefield Woodard, J. David. 2006. The America that Reagan Built. Published by Greenwood Publishing throng Griffith, Benjamin E. 2008. America Votes A Guide to Modern Election Law and Voting Rights. Published by American Bar Association

Meeting Essential Care Needs Essay

Mrs Gale is a 70 year old widow and retired unskilled worker. The longanimous lives alone and relies on her son to provide raw material c atomic number 18, medicinal drug and meals. Mrs Gale has a history of burden fluctuation owing to life style but is currently at risk of mal sustenance due to Parkinsons malady. Mrs Gale shows signs of early dementia and suffers from poor mobility and aggravator cause by arthritis. Mrs Gale to a fault has barmy depression triggered by loss and has become socially isolated. All names book been changed as per the treat and Midwifery Council confidentiality guidelines (2008).Mrs Gale is a 70 year old widow and retired unskilled worker. The diligent of lives alone and relies on her son to provide basic c be, medication and meals. Mrs Gale has a history of weight fluctuation owing to lifestyle but is currently at risk of malnutrition due to Parkinsons disease. Mrs Gale shows signs of early dementia and suffers from poor mobility and pain ca apply by arthritis. Mrs Gale excessively has mild depression triggered by loss and has become socially isolated. All names tolerate been changed as per the Nursing and Midwifery Council confidentiality guidelines (2008).Introducing the nature of essential cope adopts Daily activities of sprightliness such as eating, breathing, and mobilising were seen by Roper (1976) as a method of laying the motivations of a patient. By visiting what a patient requires in revise to function normally, a suck in arse compensate what is missing and produce a fretting plan accordingly. The Roper, Logan and Tierneys model of nursing place the activities that are deemed essential and suggests that it is non important to treat all the activities at once (Roper et al. 2000).Yura & Walsh (1983) believed that it is impossible to separate a person into their needs and on that pointfore you washbowlnot treat one without treating the another(prenominal)s. Newton (1991) concluded that in order to convey a holistic advance, all factors need to be considered. Along with the essential needs there are also the physical, psychological, sociocultural, politico-economic, and environmental factors that en devote need friendship. Factoring these into patient charge produces a person centred approach (Steinbach 2009). This means that a patient go away experience care that is individually tailored to them.In order to meet the needs of Mrs Gale, the care give be assessed according to differences in her homo needs, her social subprogram, her expectations of care and her lifestyle behaviours. This is because as an older adult, Mrs Gales needs are different to those of younger adults and children (Copeman 1999 Yura & Walsh 1983). There leave alone be particular focus on Mrs Gales nutritional needs as this is an area of adjoin due to her Parkinsons and the risk of malnutrition associated with it. The involuntary shaky movements associated with Parkinsons disease causes an pr ofit of energy expense which can consort to weight loss.Other symptoms and her medication can also decrease food in birth. fortunately medication such as levodopa contains medication that minimises these side effects (Green n. d. ). Mrs Gales poor mobility and pain levels will also affect her ability to consume nourishment as well as the ability to prepare, man develop and purchase food and drink. Roper et al. (1996 cited Bloomfield & Pegram 2012) stated that when addressing psychological needs it is important to understand that Mrs Gales inclination will be affected by her emotional state. Mrs Gales cognitive impairment may also lead to her forgetting to eat or consuming too much (Beardsley 2000).The environmental factors to consider for Mrs Gale are the layout of her home, having a suit competent eating area, available food storage and how is Mrs Gale able to purchase food (Copeman1999 NICE 2006). Mrs Gale has been identified as being from a working class family this means sh e has learnt behaviours which may impact on her wellness such as not buying suitable foods (Browne 2005). The financial costs of healthy foods, available funding, benefits and local anaesthetic care provisions via the social care system or local government schemes will also need deliberation (Copeman1999 Age UK 2012).Changes due to the aging process also need to be addressed. atomic number 20 reabsorption increases especially in women after the menopause, this decreases bone density. Lean tissue decreases as fat increases with age there is also a decline in the percentage of tree trunk water meaning that body temperature is more difficult to control. Thirst decline and decreased renal function means that older nation can become dehydrated (Copeman 1999). The function of the bowel reduces, meaning that the elderly are more nonimmune to indigestion and constipation.The risk of constipation is also increased with Parkinsons disease (Parkinsons UK 2011). The final consideration is the deterioration of the sensory system. Taste, smell, vison, pain and touch all decline meaning that food may not be as appealing (Copeman 1999). Exploration of the evidence underpinning the delivery of care In order to seek on the nutritional care of Mrs Gale the nursing process will be used. Nursing was described as a problem-solving process with 4 stages termed assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation by Yura & Walsh (1967) (cited Aggleton & Chalmers 2000).This principle is still used in clinical practice today and is considered to be best practice (Bloomfield & Pegram 2012). By carrying out an assessment nurses can identify the causes of problems that require medical involvement. Nettina (2006) described assessment as the pullion of data that will identify real(a) or potential health problems. This means that a health assessment is carried out to determine what care is currently required or care that will be required in the upcoming. sagacity begins with a comp lete nursing history and finishes with a nursing diagnosis which is based on facts and evidence (Yura & Walsh 1983). Assessment is carried out by observing the patient as a whole and includes making notes on the patients dress, expression, non-verbal cues, deformities, and absence of parts such as teeth (Yura & Walsh 1983). Data collection is done by using various assessment tools such as measuring weight and height, calculating body pile index (BMI) and screening tools such as the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) (Copeman1999 Stratton et al. 006). The use of BMI alone has increase questions due to people falling outside of the normal range and still being healthy (McWilliams 2008). picture for the use of the MUST was concluded from research that was bear oned by Stratton et al (2006). However, the MUST is recommended by NICE and is used regularly to identify those at risk of malnutrition (McWilliams 2008). In order to plan care effectively there are three phases tha t essential be considered. The first investigates the main concerns of the practitioner and patient.Subsequently the goals of the practitioner and guest are determined. Finally the required nursing interventions are recorded (Carpenito-Moyet 2006). Planning can be used to design strategies to instigateance the patients, for case diet plans and calorie acceptance (Copeman 1999). With Mrs Gale the simplest and inexpensive intervention will be to promote a healthy diet and encourage foods with high-nutrient content (Holmes 2012). During planning, goals are determined that will lead to ultimate health and wellness (Yura & Walsh 1983).These goals are developed by open dialogue between patient and practitioner and are assigned a time scale to be completed by (Carpenito-Moyet 2006). For example Mrs Gale has poor nutritional intake as a diagnosis and a goal could be to meliorate this. However, if the poor nutrition is due to money, so a time scale of a few weeks would allow time to s ort out benefits and buy the class nutrition. If the poor nutrition was due to behaviour issues, then a longer time period would be assigned in order to assist with religious wait on in changing that behaviour (Carpenito-Moyet 2006).The Orem model of nursing (2001) states that the nurse must act for the patient to increase their learning and awareness of their condition. However, in order for care to be implemented effectively a nurse must accommodate intelligence, interpersonal and technical skills (Yura & Walsh 1983). The ability to build relationships with clients and other practitioners is important to form trust and identify where a multi-disciplined approach can be used (Aggleton & Chalmers 2000). Communication plays a huge role in the implementation of care due to continued discussion and wondering(a) with the patient.The nurse must look for verbal and non-verbal cues from the patient and continue to collect data (Aggleton & Chalmers 2000). By doing this the nurse will b e able to use their clinical judgement and have an adaptive approach to care (Yura & Walsh 1983). A nurse must also be realistic and recognise their strengths and weaknesses. This will allow recognition of assistance and possible referrals to other practitioners that maybe required (Siviter 2008). This sharing of information and asking for help is part of the NMCs code of conduct (2008).A nurse must also have the knowledge to recognise normal and abnormal human functioning and the evidenced based interventions that can be used (Brooker & Nicol 2011). The care should also be safe, have the patients best interests, involve the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) and the patient, and informed consent should be obtained (NMC 2008). Evaluation of action is conducted to see if the best action or intervention has been used. Reflection will indicate if current goals should be maintained or if new goals are required for the patient (Siviter 2008).However, the achievement of the goals can be cong enital and difficult to measure. To evaluate if the goals have been achieved, listening and observation needs to be conducted and it is important to remember that non-achievement is not failure. It is possible that new more achievable goals are needed or that the current intervention is not effective for the patient (Brooker & Nicol 2011). Short term an appropriate goal will be the achievement of weight maintenance or gain and long term will be the changing of negative health related behaviours (Siviter 2008).This will be educated via referral to a dietician and via information guides such as the Parkinsons and Diet leaflet, designed by the Parkinsons Disease Society (2008). Diet can also be supplemented with high energy and protein drinks such as Fresubin and are prescribed via a dietician or world(a) Practitioner (Holmes 2012). Mrs Gales weight can be monitored every 4-6 weeks, if there are changes in her medication or every 3 months if stable (Green n. d. ). Mrs Gale can also be directed to age UK who can provide details of benefits, home and shopping assistance (Age UK 2012).All of Mrs Gales nutritional needs have been assessed, planned and evaluated. The implementation of this care will depend on the cooperation by Mrs Gale. Practitioners have to remember that patients have the right to refuse treatment. After all the evidence is presented and all questions and concerns are addressed the patient will have an informed choice (NICE 2007). Personal development plan (University of Southampton 2012) Identified areas for further development midsection Intrinsic motivation (Developing compassionate care)On refection I believe I need to develop my conversation skills, especially when dealing with older people and cognitive impairment. This will make sure my care be person centred (Steinbach 2009). I must also develop my understanding of how and when to use the available assessment tools so that I can complete the nursing process (Yura & Walsh 1983). I must al so improve my questioning techniques so that when I am faced with a client, such as Mrs Gale, I can collect all the relevant information I will need to plan her care (Aggleton & Chalmers 2000). Suggested activities and experiences that will assist in future developmentIn order to facilitate my development I will need to nurse patients with a variety of medical and cognitive conditions this can be achieved while on placement. This will improve my communication skills and my confidence (NMC 2008). Furthermore I need to observe nurses in a hospital ward or community setting while they implement the most appropriate assessment tool for their patient. This can be done while on placement and by contacting the community care team and organisation to shadow a community nurse. While completing practice experience one, I was able to take part in the planning process.I will need to continue with this so that I am confident in planning essential care. Identified areas for further development Nerve Self-belief and self-efficacy (Developing themselves and advocating for the service substance abuser or carer) To develop my self-belief and to be an advocate for my patient I will need to work on my confidence (NMC 2008). I will need confidence in applying the best nursing practice (Yura & Walsh 1983). I will need confidence in speaking up and making sure my patients receive the correct care and any available funding that they might need.If I am unable to provide this service I must have the ability to refer my patients or to ask questions so that this can be achieved. Suggested activities and experiences that will assist in future development To develop this confidence, I must work on base mentoring staff and observe dieticians, community nurses and general practitioners. By doing this I will appreciate how other professions care for my patient. Similarly I will gain understanding of which profession I would refer my patient to for future treatment.Working as part of a mult i-disciplinary team will improve my confidence and allow for questioning (NMC 2008). Identified areas for further development Brain Critical and analytical skills (Application of appropriate theory/research to practice) In order for me to apply theory into practise, I must research the care of various conditions and begin to understand the theoretical knowledge behind that care. This process has begun with the research I have conducted on Parkinsons disease and also on my research into the use of BMI and MUST (Eknoyan 2008 MAG 2003).I will also need to visit other areas of practice to see the nursing process being applied (NMC 2008). Suggested activities and experiences that will assist in future development I must attend any available courses, workshops and meetings that deal with patient care and conditions. While on practice experience two, I would like to attend a nutrition workshop and discover the benefit of supplementary foods and drinks available. I will arrange to work with and observe dieticians in spite of appearance a hospital setting and question them on transferring this knowledge to community settings.