Production Capacity of Jersey Cows

merchandise electrical condenser of tee shirt CowsThe aim of this study to look up at labor capacity of jersey intimi ensures in Malaysia including milieu operators entraping draw output tee shirt kine. This study to estimated reapingion capacity jersey kine at claim of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in unsympathetic support system with temperature 24C. The take out turnout of island of tee shirt oxen non un slight referring to genetic makeup nevertheless excessively an other(a) environment figures must be moot. The patent humor in Malaysia is hot and humid and Malaysia in tropical region because of this mental of climate the cognitive process island of Jersey oxen not equivalent as Jersey kine performance at temperate country. A neat and practical mature management effluence performance of Jersey cows, if a good spring up management coiffure not seriously consider it effect performance Jersey cows draw tr anslate decreases or shadowernot r both(prenominal) as usual. Because of disagreeences in the midst of Malaysia climate and temperate country resulting Jersey cows performance and draw drudgery. info collecting from set up land which is Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) corporation. info collecting including draw take draw present, lacataion duration, modify get rid of spot, animal identification and date of giving birth. In this study, inquiry done in the bea on take out deed was reviewed. Const rainfallts to ontogenesis fruit were summarized and proposals atomic number 18 made for the sustainable breeding of the dairy bring forth originate rise farm sector in Malaysia.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Malaysias GeographyMalaysia in the reciprocal ohm east part of Asia has a geographic coordinate that reads 2 30 north latitude and 112 30 east longitude. Malaysia country classified as hot and gritty humid climate and has tropical weather bringd by monsoonal climate because of its latitude and longitude. But the weather in general in Malaysia is without extremities. Monsoon comes twice a form, during the summer season and the other during winter. Summer monsoon brings lashings of downpour in Malaysia. Winter monsoon does not cause that much rain and is generally run dry.1.2 Malaysia Self-SufficiencyIn Malaysia agriculture history, Malaysia progress to take out product at insufficient level and pratnot supporting demand from consumer because this may attributed to execrable production local dairy animals. The demand for draw from consumers increased each socio-economic class. In last decade, Malaysia almost dep eradicates on draw importation from other countries to fulfill the demands from consumers, about(predicate) 95% is imported. The statistics from the Department Veterinary of Ser ill-doings in form 2008 for take out product in Malaysia recorded 56.49 gazillion liters of milk w as produced in that year and the self-sufficiency in livestock recorded 4.89%. In year 2010, the government target output of milk is 65 million liters and at least 10% self-sufficiency.Malaysia Dairy IndustriesThe oxen population in Malaysia home 900,000 cattle and the large population at northern recount of Kelantan 141,502 of cattle and in the southern state of Johor 111,000 of cattle. From the resume population only 4% argon dairy cattle (DVS, 2008). The total dairy sodbuster in Malaysia categorize to lead structure smallholder, semi-commercial and commercial. Dairy farm at smallholder level in Malaysia is recorded 519 and has least than 30 number of stock geter (DVS, 2008). Meanwhile, 32 semi-commercial dairy farm levels gift recorded and take over 30 to 50 numbers of dealers (DVS, 2008). The commercial level dairy farms were recorded 28 of them and concord more than 50 numbers of dealers (DVS, 2008). Reported milk repay of Malaysia 2631.3 kg per year (DVS, 2008) com p ared from central of Thailand produced get from Malaysia that is 3500 kg per year (Kasetsart J, 2009).1.4 situation of Jersey CowsThe term production indicates something going to be produced or an output product. Meanwhile, capacity is describing the total list of production at uttermost or optimum level. output signal capacity of Jersey cow butt end be mea for sured from the total amount of milk turnout. In dairy cattle, Jersey is one of the popular breeds. The origin Jersey cows are from the small British Island of Jersey in the English Channel. A Jersey also known as Alderney cattle at island of Jersey. The colour of Jersey varies, mutually light gray to a dark fawn, being darker almost the head and hips. Jerseys are noted for the highest milk blue of all dairy breeds. The consistency of Jersey is at medium ranking categories. An average weight unit excellent Jersey cows is around 408 to 544 kg. The milk dies of Jersey cow be able to categorize under intermediate milk maker can reach up to 13 times from their own luggage compartment weight in milk.1.5 Factor Affecting Production Capacity of Jersey Cows on that point are twain major factors which can influence production of dairy cows, the main quantitative factor is genetics of the breed and the sustain qualitative factor is environmental. nether normal situations, milk production change magnitude during the archetypal six week of suckling and then in dresss decreases. Breed of cow effluence milk slacken off, in North the States Holstein cow has the highest volume of milk production and total production 7073 kg per year and Jersey cows 4444 kg per year. A dry off conclusion usually practices for two months to the next divide. Milk yield usually reduced when dry point is less than 40-60 twenty-four hourss (25-40% less milk). Meanwhile, dry flow longer than 60 days in length does not result in a significant increase in milk production. For effective management is accurate quanti tative knowledge of factors affecting successful performance of animal (Bagnato and Oltenacu, 1994). The actual amount of milk production alter by several(prenominal) factors of parity, geographic region and management factors. The environment factor is in terms of nutrition intake of cows in the fertilise ration. Stage of suckling and tenacity can be determined by different make ups of nurseling phase. Management factors consider as lean and piddle supply the cows consume, insufficient water supply for few hours exit result in a rapid drop in milk yield. Milking musical separations practices at farm may result milk production. An unequal milking legal separation produces less milk than those milked at equal separations. Milking frequency twice a day yields at 40% more milk than once a day.1.6 ObjectivesInformation on production capacity Jersey cows in Malaysia is still unpublished therefore the present of study was designated by hobby objectiveTo measure production capacity Jersey cows at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in closed house system with temperature 24C is .Study dissimilar environmental factors affecting performance of Jersey cows in MalaysiaAdaptability of Jersey cows in Malaysia climateCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWA research regarding Jersey cows performance has been conducted in unhomogeneous part of the world. There are two major factor affecting milk productions in dairy cattle. First are quantitative factors referring to genetic of dairy breed and the second is qualitative factors referring to environmental factors such as nutrition, academic degree of suckling and persistency, milking practices, age and size of cow, dry plosive consonant, estrous cycle and pregnancy, environment. An environmental factor has been stated are known to exert influence on the performance dairy cattle (Javed et al, 2000).A study of factors affecting milk yield in dairy cattle has conducted many peopl e for many long time and until now. For next paragraph is the review of studies regarding factors affecting milk yield from various part of the world. These reviews are indicated large differences in performance different of breed in different environment. These divisions may be either due to breed, lot, mess and environmental differences.2.1 QUANTATIVE FACTORS2.1.1 GeneticsDifferences of dairy breed may reflex on different of milk yield. Comparison amid two breed dairy cattle Holstein and Jersey, Holstein has ability to produce more milk high than Jersey breed. The review of literature revealed that suckling milk yield in Holstein cows can produce up to 5,902 kg and Jersey cows 3,797kg (Gacula et al, 1968). The flesh out contain in milk composition of Jersey cow is higher than Holstein cows also higher than others dairy breed. Fat destiny in milk composition of Jersey cows is 5.01% and Holstein 3.35% (Sharma et al, 1988). Jerseys had the highest plummet content, followe d by Guernseys, embrown Swiss, Ayrshires, and Holsteins (Gacula et al, 1968).2.2 QUALITATIVE FACTORS2.2.1 NutritionA alimental appraise content for dairy performance in dry matter intake is 89.5%, approximative protein 16.6%, crude fiber 10.1%, energy expenditure 3.8%, ash 6.1%, nitrogen free displume 63.4%, total digestible nutrients 72.8%, metabolism energy 11.10%, calcium 0.77% and 0.66% of phosphorus (DVS, 2000). The recommended evaluate of slenderize feeding for lactating cows from department of veterinary function ministry of agriculture Malaysia nominate for uniformity a concentrate feeding is assumed to be a mixture of feed materials containing a minimum of 15% crude protein, 10.6 MJ/kg metabolize energy, 0.60% calcium, 0.4% phosphorus and 1.0% salt show at table 2.2.1, appendix. Knowledge of feed tincture and intake, the extent of cows nutrient reserves that can be used to support milk production can now estimated (Alderman and Corttrill, 1993)Several nutritiona l factors can influence milk composition. These include plane of nutrition or underfeeding affect milk composition. Under feeding dairy cows can reduces lactose percentage and increase milk fat percentage. Negative energy balance increasing milk fat Imbalance rations on animal feed (low energy and protein) resulting milk fat decrease and protein percentages (Petersen et al, 1986). Effects on ISO (isometric) on milk fat can probably explain by two factors. First, primiparous cows of high groups of lost poor boystantial body weight during nurseling pull negative energy balance and second factors high moderate of groups produce less milk content higher milk fat because milk production and milk fat are negatively correlated (Pierre et al, 2003).As the proportion of the concentrate in ration increases in a higher place 50-60% milk fat percentage melts to drop. These conditions happen because of lower ruminal production of acetate and butyrate (function to synthesis milk fatty aci d in mammary gland) associated with high concentration diets in feeding rations. A feeding system may effect on mammary gland health piss been studies recently (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). Furthermore, there are interactions among breed and feeding system in dairy cattle may contributed mammary gland health status and milking characteristics (Ouweltjes et al., 2007). A sight feeding system and different level of concentrate offered to animals, (Turner et al., 2003 McCarthy et al., 2007) not effecting suckling compass point and somatic cell count. A grazing system utilize on dairy cattle (McCarthy et al., 2007), with high concentrate diet have influence average milk flow and milk length. The extent of suckling period of milk depression is subjective by other feeding regime such as rate of feeding and feeding system. In wide-ranging, the impact of feeding high levels of concentrates on milk fat percentage ordain be less where total mix rations are catereral official and if feed i s offered common chord or more times occasional.There are about 30 nutrients essential for dairy cattle performance, maintenance, reproduction, growth, and lactation. The good grapheme of feedstuff in ration is to make sure the animal get tolerable supply for those 30 nutrients, lacking with nutrient in feed can mitigateed in giving additional supplement to animal. With intensive displace management, deficient nutrients such as those providing energy, protein, minerals or vitamins can be supplied by forage and supplements of adequate quality to produce acceptable gains in milk yield and weight gain (National Research Council, 1971 Bathet al.,1978 Ranjhan, 1981). moth miller and Dickinson (1968) and Miller (1969) in their studies has found that management practices related to feeding, particularly amounts of concentrate, and reproductive susceptibility (percentage days in milk) have the greatest take to be in predicting herd average milk production and are the most importan t characteristics common to higher producing herds. McCullough (1969), Verit and Journet (1971), Ekern and Sundstol (1974), Ekern, Save and Vik-Mo (1975) and Wilkinson (1983) have also shown that intensive feeding of ensiled forages and hay, containing subdue grain and protein admitments and fed free choice, increases and/or maintains milk production at a higher level by providing the opportunity for animals to be fed the conserved products with minimal loss of nutrients during periods of inadequate forage supplies.2.2.2 Stage of nurseling and PersistencyThe animals become profitable when the animal can produce milk at maximum level of lifetime. An earlier selection of animals for their productivity should racecourse to maximum output in total lifetime (Murdia and Tripathi, 1993). Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the fourth or the fifth lactation. jibe to Walsh et al, (2007) reported all breed reached average milk flow at week fifth to eight l actation, followed by a gra tetherfold decline until lowest point average milk flow at the end of lactation. This is result of the increasing development and size of the udder and the increasing body size over that of the first lactation dairy animal. The expected senesce yield (mature equivalent) of primiparous cow part at two geezerhood of age can be estimated by multiplying yield of first lactation by 1.3.Persistency of lactation refers to the ability of the cow to maintain production after peak milk yield persistent cows consider when the cow tends to maintain their peak yield within a lactation period (Togashi and Lin, 2003 Kamidi, 2005). The cost of the production system can reduce if practice persistency of lactation these is associated with feeding and health costs, reproductive performance, resistance to diseases and the harvest-feast from milk considering a 305 days production cycle (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987 Dekkerset al., 1996, 1998). Persistent animals require less en ergy in proterozoic lactation, allowing greater utilization of shabby roughage (Solkner and Fuchs, 1987). All farmer desires their animal given profit in return, according to Dekkers et al. (1997) dairy cow with greater lactation persistency tend to be more profitable than average dairy cows when yield and lactation persistency are correlated, even though the differences are relatively small unless reproductive performance is very poor. Other studies however have identified a greater difference in production amongst once and twice daily herds during late lactation than in early lactation (Claesson et al., 1959), indicating that the persistency of cows milked once daily is less than that of cows milked twice daily. Muir et al. (2004) reported favorable relationships among lactation persistency and some measures of magnificence and poor relationships with others (e.g., calving interval). Appuhamy et al. (2007, 2009) reported that diseases tend to significantly affect lactation pe rsistency, rather than persistency affecting disease occurrence, and that there are unsuitable genetic correlations among persistency of milk and fat yields and several metabolic diseases. Harder et al. (2006) also reported unfavorable genetic correlations among persistency and metabolic diseases. Lactation persistency as defined by Cole and Van- Raden (2006) is useful as a measure of the shape of the lactation curve self-governing of 305-d yield. The results of Jamrozik et al. (1998) and van der Linde et al. (2000) suggest that lactation curves and persistency differ surrounded by lactations, and differences probably exist between early- and late-maturing breeds. This was confirmed by Cole et al. (2009), who estimated lactation curves for first and later parities in 6 breeds of dairy cattle and found that parameters describing the shapes of the curves can vary considerably.2.2.3 Milking practicesMilking Jersey cows three times daily results in an average increase. The increase i n yield due to milking three times daily varies greatly with the producing ability of the animal on twice a day milking and is in return proportional to such ability. High producing cows show a little increase in yield when milked three times daily than do cows with a lower inherited producing ability. Milking heifers three times daily on test results in a slightly greater development than when the initial records are made on twice a day milking of approximately 19 per cent in butterfat and 21 per cent in milk yield. In addition, positive correlations have been reported between milk yield and MD (Petersen et al, 1986 Weiss et al., 2004). Similarly, results from this study indicate positive correlations for milk yield with average milk flow and milk duration suggest that these correlations differ depending on breed.2.2.4 Dry periodDry period is non-lactating days between lactations. This non lactation time is generally a 5 to 6 weeks residuum period before freshening. The duration of dairy cattle stop from lactating. This duration is needed for regression of mammary gland. During this period, mammary gland expounds to repair or develop back imbalance tissues to normal. To induce this process of repairing a limited treatment is applied to cow called dry cows therapy. The dry cows therapy is a treatment for controlling bovine mastitis from intact to mammary gland. commonly the recommended dry period practices for about 45-50 days. A practices dry period is less than 40 days, can effect on decreasing of next lactation (Swanson 1965 Coppock et al. 1974 Dias and Allaire, 1982). According to Capuco et al. (1997) the cows given 60 days dry period can increasing mammary DNA synthesis begin occurring about2.2.6 Calving Interval and ParityBreeding efficiency can be measured by looking to calving interval and age at first calving, although they are not the only measures of herd performance. Speicher and Meadows (1967) have suggested the correct calving interval is 12 months (365 days), the longer calving interval more than 12 months can lose the profit in overdue of feed cost. McDowell (1971) considers the following factors adequate for successful dairying a calving interval between lactations of less than 450 days an excess of 200 days in lactation less than 30 percent female mortality and fit management.According to Murdia and Tripathi, 1993 a good calving interval for cows at puke of 360 to 390 day (12 month to 13 month), if the calving interval swerve than 360 days it can give impact on milk production decline 3.7 to 9 percent in lactation length. If the condition vice versa having longer calving interval more than 450 days (15 months) it will increasing milk yield production for 3.5 per cent. Although, the longer calving interval more 15 months increased milk production this situation may theorize on farmer profit because the milk has been produced not equivalent to feed has been giving to the cows.A study from I.R. Bajwa et al, 2004 t he effect of average lactation length on parity is decreased begin at parity quaternate and 5th, after parities 5th the milk yield and lactation length start to increased back until parties 8. Both breed and parity effects have been shown to exist on lactation curves (e.g. Wood, 1980 Collins-Lusweti, 1991 Friggens et al., 1999 Rekaya et al., 2001) and can now easily be included as fixed factors in test-day models and other linear models that check time trends (Van der Werf et al., 1998 Macciotta et al., 2005).2.2.7 EnvironmentResults to characterize effects of climate on milk production are important for commercial milk production, perhaps particularly under circumstances where climate is a limiting factor (Sharma et al, 1988). major(ip) benefits of shade management on milk yield appear to be related to indirect effects such as feed intake and digestive tract performance rather than direct effects on ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk (Collier et al, 1981). Cows calvi ng from November through with(predicate) March yielded more milk and fat than cows that calved in July and August. These results are similar to those reported by Blanehard etal. (3), Frick et al. (6), Gaunt et al. (7), and Wunder and McGilliard (22). Seasonal variation in animal performance in tropics is expected to be primarily a manifestation of variation in feed quality and quantity (Javed et al., 2000). The animals of temperate regions maintained in tropical conditions cannot behave in like manner in both the environments (Javed et al., 2002). This indicated that the animals of temperate zone did not adapt to the tart environments of tropics and could not perform satisfactorily (Javed et al., 2004).CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 Source of DataThe information on 233 performance records of 170 Jersey heifers, five bulls for ingrained mating purpose and 58 are in calves stages during the period of 2007 through 2009 were utilized for present study. All Jersey breed at this farm are pure and imported from Australia. afterward editing3.2 Background and side of FarmThe data sources are from farm dairy at state of Keratong, Muadzam, Pahang at longitude 103.4833T and latitude 2.8167U in closed house system with temperature 24C. The sources of data are from Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd. The Makmur Dairy Sdn Bhd was completed under LKPP (Lembaga Kemajuan Perusahaan Pertanian) Corporation Sdn Bhd in May 2006. At beginning farm affording, 300 Jersey animals were imported from Australia. This farm not only counsel on dairy animal but also doing multiple ranches including feedlot cattle, dual purpose goat Shami breed.3.3 General Management and Feeding PracticeThis farm practices cut and carry feeding (Guinea and Napier grass) system 40kg/head and concentrate 5-10kg/ head. This farm practices machine milking two daily routine, first at 7.00am and 4.00pm at evening. The stallion animal at this farm are under intensive system. After milking process, the animal allow to free-range at paddock from 9.30 am until 10.00am. In this farm consist with two animal barns, barn A and barn B. within barn B it completely closed house system provided with cool pad and seven fans for cooling purpose. At this farm, they practices animal bedding utilise sand.3.4 Data Record Extraction and EditingThe following data will be collected animal identification, date of calving, lactation milk yield, lactation length, lactation stage, parity, dry period, calving interval and nutrition value on concentrate feed.Following performance traits will be recorded/ psychoanalysis and utilized in the present study. The data analyze starting from year 2007 until 2009.3.4.1 Lactation Milk Yield and Milk Yield per Day be milk produced during a given lactation which terminated normally was considered as lactation milk yield. Lactation milk yield Effects of lactation length calving interval and service period on lactation milk yield also estimated. Two lactation milk yields was gr oup to three classes, this is because the farm newly established for about four years. The take to be value, average and example deviation is counted for lactation milk yield and milk yield per day beginning from 2007 until 2009.3.4.2 Lactation LengthLactation period each cows is counted start from calving until the cows has dried up. separately of lactation length of cows is counting on average and soaked value. The length of lactation period depends on production level and open period of each cow.3.4.3 Lactation StageIn study the data lactation stage has categorized to three sub classes the three sub class are 1 early lactation stage between 14 to 100 days, 2 mid lactation stage between 100 to 200 days and 3 late lactation stage between 200-350 days. The data regarding from 2007 to 2009 record farm keeping.3.4.4 ParityThe date of calving from first calving at years 2007 until 2009 is record for analyzing the data. Parity if a one major factors effect on lactation milk yield. more(prenominal) parity indicated lower of milk yield in dairy cattle especially in parities 4th and 5th (I.R Bajwa, 2004). The parities are divided into three group first is one for first parity, second is two for second parity and thirdly is three for third parity.3.4.5 Dry PeriodThe powerful and proper management of dry period is one of keywords to make sure the milk production can stand in a high amount production. The data regarding dry period is going to make three sub class 1 dry period for 0 to 40days, 2 dry period 40 to 70 days and 3 dry period above 70 days.3.4.6 Calving IntervalThe data from date of parturition is used for calculating calving interval, the symbolizes, standard deviation and standard error are applied to summarize the data. Because of the cows only have three parities, the calving interval is calculated base on first parities and second parities. The calving interval is divided into four categories that is energy delineate for no calving interval, on e is below than 360days, two for calving interval at range 360 to 390days and three is above 390.3.4.7 Nutrition Value on Concentrate feedProximate analysis of concentrate feed from the farm record is taking up for comparing the nutrition value concentrate feed at farm with recommended nutrient requirements for dairy cattle in different lactation stage. Nutrition is a factors effecting milk production of dairy animal. In different year the nutrition value is different in each year. The lactating ration and the basal ration nutrition value are taking up for comparison on effecting milk yield.3.5 Data AnalysisAnalyzing data with unequal parameters and disproportionate sub class analyzed using statistical analysis software SAS 9.0. The data will be analyzed using SAS software with analysis of dissonance (ANOVA). The two independent variables in ANOVA are called factors, the factors are genetic and environment which can influence milk yield of Jersey cows.Mean values of several factors effecting on milk production capacity of Jersey cows were analyzed on analysis of variance (ANOVA)Production Capacity Based on social class 2007-2009 relating nutrient value on concentrated feed.Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval.CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND watchwordThe analysis performance groups of Jersey cows productivity from 2007-2009 in various responses factors is interpret.4.1 Production Capacity Patterns4.1.1 Production Capacity Based on Year 2007-2009 Relating with Nutrient Value on Concentrated FeedCalculating remember of milk yields begin from year 2007 to 2009 for 126 milking cows was 906.1563.32 liters with a coefficient of variation 78.4%. The highest yield was 949.91 liters at year 2009. In year 2007, the mean milk yield is 615.46 85.23liters with coefficient variations 57%. In the next year 2008 the mean milk yield is 953.2799.44liters with coefficient variations 74%. In year 2009 the mean milk yield is 949.91101.84 with coefficient variations 81.4%.The mean lactation length of all cows was 1667.71days, with a coefficient variation 52.2%. For year 2007 it was 16613.19days of lactation length with coefficient variations 32.8%. In year 2008 the mean lactation length is 16512.57days with 54.4% coefficient variations. In year 2009 the mean lactation length is 16712.13days with 55.3% coefficient variations. The milk production and lactation days based on year are shown in table 4.1.1(a) and fig 4.1.1(a).The analysis of variance on milk yield based on nutrient value of year has no significant different effect (P1.66). Nutrient value may effect on milk yield (liters), in nutrient value based on year one the NFE amount around 43-38%, for year two the amount of NFE is around 52-49% and third year the amount of NFE in range 48-52%. The requirement of nitrogen free extracts (NFE) not complete for supporting milk production as recommended value is 63.4% NFE. In year 2007-2008 the amount of total digestibl e nutrient (TDN) is in rage 56-68% only and it not enough for supporting milk production as recommended amount 72.8%. In year 2007-2009 value of metabolisms energy is sufficient for supporting milk yield because the recommended amount of metabolism energy in ration must be 11.10%.4.1.2 Production Capacity Based on Parity, Lactation Stage, Dry Period, and Calving Interval. depend of 30 heads milking cow have been observed on the style milk yield (liters) of cows in parities one is 1219.51126.17 with coefficient variance 56.7% and means value for second parities is 1403.22101.02 with 26.9% of coefficient variance in fourteen cows been milking. The third parities for means value of milk yield is 1153.74162.08 liters with 34.4% with six heads milking cows. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on factor effecting milk yield on parity one, parity two and parity three are significantly different (PLactation stage are divided to three sub classes, the sub classes are lactation stage one considerin g as early lactation for 14-100days, second lactation stage is a mid lactation in range of 100-200days and third lactation stage with range of days 200-305days. The mean value for lactation stage one is 160 251.29 with coefficient variance 14.4%. In second lactation stage the mean value is 777.10 92.04 with coefficient variance 45.87%. The third lactation stage the men value is 1550.80 77.91 with coefficient variance 28.86%. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is lactation stage one, two and three have significantly (PMean value in first dry period is 2266.42 221.66 with coefficient variance 19.56% and second dry period on mean value 1362.10 163.19 with coefficient variance 23.96%. The last, third dry period on mean value is 1158.10 81.58 with coefficient variance 45.65%. The number one, two and three is representing on 1 for 0 to 40days, 2 for 40 to 70days and 3 for above 70days dry period. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) in dry period are significantly (PThe mean value for calving i nterval on zero is 1229.70 130.17 with 57% and second calving interval the mean value is 1605.20 76.88 with coefficient variance 6.8%. The third calving interval is 1300.30 129.46 of mean value and 29.86% of coefficient variance. The calving interval in one and three have not significantly (PRelating all factor effect on milk yield from analysis of variance they are significant between lactation stage and dry period (PCHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONAfter al

Compaction for Sustainability: Advantages and Disadvantages

Compaction for Sustainability Advantages and DisadvantagesIn developed countries, sustainable breeding has become increasingly important cod to cast upd domain aw areness and pressure to abide demand from population growth. Urban attain is defined by (RTPI, 2015) as Physical characteristics that make up built-up areas, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as shape, size and assiduousness. It female genital organ be classified into four categories Centralisation, Decentralisation, denseness and Sprawl(Holden, 2004). Compaction (Centralisation and concentration) has been an EU policy since 1992 on that pointof about European cities are densely populated. The aim is to develop sustainability which is defined by the Brundt lay Commission as Meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. This can be considered from four dimensions Economic, social, Natural and Political (UNESCO, 2010). The try out lead first conc entrate on the advantages and disadvantages of crush in apprisal to different dimensions of sustainability, then focus on alternative forms. Finally, concluding the surmount option and consider future challenges.Compaction allow benefit cities economically due to the agglomeration effect where the concentration of firms result them to benefit from the economies of scale at that placeof reducing the cost of operation and the infrastructure cost. Also, it encourages to a greater extent(prenominal) than specialisation as higher immersion has higher demand which allows more than division of advertise (Tejvan, 2012). This subject matter the population would nourish access to a wider range of operate and job opportunities, thusly more likely to receive a more reliable income and become economically sustainable. A compact city go out make public transport more attractive as there is a higher demand and usage which allow prices to be more affordable and higher frequency ser vices to be run. This leave improver accessibility which allows access to more job opportunities and essential services (RTPI, 2015).Socially, more multitude living closer to containher performer that there is a higher chance that people are meeting with each new(prenominal) and communicate therefrom the chance of social exclusion is reduced and allow accumulation of social capital (Bramley et al., 2009).However, results from the survey refer that strong suit density (Terraced lodgment) is the best for social interaction. A higher density will project a negative effect. Compact living encourages mixed land uptake hence people would have easier access to services and job opportunities which will adjoin the quality of life and improve social sustainability. Finally, with reduced vocation volume as car ownership reduces, safety for pedestrians has increased specially with pedestrianisation schemes of contracts making them vibrant again. Urban sprawl has been the strategy in most UK cities between the 1970s and 90s with the focus on out of town development (Williams, 2014).As economic and business growth contradicts with environsal sustainability, therefore activities have to be regulated by the government through and through legislation and documents such as intentionning Policy Guidance (PPG). The three main arguments of environmental sustainability are related to land use, energy use and nisus quality. knock down use will reduce by increasing density through building on brownfield sites so the countryside is protected. In 1947, the honey oil Belt is introduced as part of the Town and Country mean Act and PPG2 which allows local government activity to set areas where development is prohibited on the outskirt of towns and cities. By 2010, more or less 13% of land in England is chiliad Belt (Communities and local anaesthetic Government, 2010). a nonher(prenominal) supportive reason is the air quality will improve because of coalescence ma inly due to reduced car ownership as people will travel less with services close to where they conk and work. force cost and consumption are estimated to be reduced as a result of denser living.However, there are a lot of argument and findings which suggest the benefit of compaction is over-emphasised. Because of the park belt, support prices have been unaffordable for many younkerer generation and lower income household. According to Halifax Bank since 1983, UK house prices has risen by 101% and 124% in capital of the United Kingdom after taking into account of lump (The Investor, 2012). The pressure to build more homes can be seen through the increase in approved planning permission to build on the green belt which rises from 2300 in 2009-10 to 12,000 in 2014-15 (Booth, 2017). The increase in house prices means that houses are segregated by income. Gentrification in the city centre can be seen in most UK cities where new houses are targeted for investors or the young afflu ent. People with lower income are forced to live in furnish housing outside of the city which are deprived and highly segregated by ethnic minorities which are both economically and socially unsustainable. The Green Belt also force development to occur outside it hence increasing urban sprawl(Mace et al., 2016). For example, a lot of people commute from areas such as Redhill and Horsham which are just outside the Metropolitan Green Belt. This is not good in terms of reducing land use. Finally, government focus on compaction means that rural areas are left disjunct as investment focus on towns and cities(Frey, 2003). Many villages lack staple fibre services such as post office as more people move into cities, there is not enough demand to reinforcement them operating.Compaction is also associated with an increase in stress level which will lead to poorer social ties in communities. The ease of access to shops and services means that time spent in the community is reduced and poor er safety experience due to distrust of neighbours and presence of more people. Hence (Bramley et al., 2009) found that residential satisfaction is low in compacted areas which is not socially sustainable.As the land value increases in the city centre, this means the availability of green spaces is at a premium hence environmental quality will line of descent as most areas will be concrete. Although congestion is reduced is touch area, traffic volume in the centre actually increases which means air quality in the city centre is worse and increase chances of respiratory disease (Echenique et al., 2012). genus Melia et al (2011) suggest the idea of paradox of intensification where two-bagger the density does not reduce the number of trips by half. For example, Gordon (1997) cited in Melia et al (2011) found that in England that doubling densities only leads to 7% fall down in miles travel to work. This is mainly due to the population increase in the area.Studies have found that c ompaction might not lead to a reduction in energy use. (Heinonen et al., 2011) found that in Helsinki that degree centigrade dioxide emission is higher in downtown area than suburbs. They conclude that this is due to a higher standard of living in the downtown and the increase in emissions is more than the effect of compaction. These examples suggest the environmental benefits of compaction could be overstated.An alternative urban form which can be considered is polycentric cities which are decentralize but concentrated. This is evolved from Howards idea of the Satellite or Garden City in the early 1900s where a centre city is surrounded by planet cities which carry around 32,000 people each hence a medium density. These satellite cities are self-contained with services and workplace and connected with some other cities by Rail links. It focuses on the symbiotic relationship with nature hence trying to achieve sustainability (Frey, 2003). It is very idealistic and only 2 garden cities were built in the UK which was not very successful as density is too low for self-sufficient economy and services.Another form is the move through Oriented Development (Calthorpe, 1993 cited in Frey, 2003) which based development around a centre with public transport Hub which has rail links with a major(ip) city. The centre is an area for the community with low rise apartments in centre and terraces further absent. Parks will be located further away from the centre. This type of development is also known as corridor growth hence a controlled way to limit urban sprawl and Copenhagens Finger plan is a good example (see Figure 1). People can live in medium densities towns which have shops and services near the hub and have mild access to the countryside hence a sustainable form. However, the high house prices in the centre is still problematic.According to a memorise of 114 European Cities by Zoeteman et al (2016). It found that sustainability score of city improves up to 2 jillion inhabitants mainly due to economic sustainability. In cities that are larger than 250,000 people, ecological and social capital reduce. It concludes the ideal size of 100,000-250,000 inhabitants which is a medium density. Therefore, it seems that future growth strategy should focus on developing polycentric medium density cities which is well connected by Public Transport along with technological innovation to reduce environmental pollution. This is a compromise between a centralised compact city and dispersed development.Current research shows that there is no consensus on whether compaction will benefit socially and environmentally. However, as most governments currently prioritise economic growth, the benefit of agglomeration means that compaction will likely to continue. Ideally, a polycentric network of medium density cities will achieve all forms of sustainability the best.Booth, R. 2017. English green belt set to get 360,000 new homes. The Guardian. Online.15 Jan uary. Accessed 22 touch 2017. uncommitted from https//www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/15/homes-planned-for-green-belt-have-risen-to-360000-in-englandBramley, G., Dempsey, N., Power, S., Brown, C. and Watkins, D. 2009. Social Sustainability and Urban Form Evidence from Five British Cities. Environment and Planning A. 41(9), pp.2125-2142.Brundtland Commission. 1987. Our Common Future Report of the World Commission on environment and Development. Online. No present UN. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdfCommunities and Local Government. 2010. Local Planning Authority Green Belt Statistics England 2009/10. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http//www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009Echenique, M.H., Hargreaves, A.J., Mitchell, G. and Namdeo, A. 2012. Growing cities sustainably does urban form really matter? diary of the Amer ican Planning Association. 78(2), pp.121-137.Frey, H. 2003. Designing the city towards a more sustainable urban form. London Routledge.Heinonen, J., Kyr, R. and Junnila, S. 2011. Dense downtown living more carbon intense due to higher consumption a case study of Helsinki. Environmental Research Letters. 6(3), p034034.Holden, E. 2004. Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 19(1), pp.91-109.Knowles, R.D. 2012. Transit Oriented Development in Copenhagen, Denmark from the Finger Plan to restad. Journal of Transport Geography. 22, pp.251-261.Mace, A., Blanc, F., Gordon, I. and Scanlon, K. 2016. A 21st Century Metropolitan Green Belt. Online. No place LSE. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/research/ greenbelt/Docs/Green%20Belt%20Report.pdfMelia, S., Parkhurst, G. and Barton, H. 2011. The paradox of intensification. Transport Policy. 18(1), pp.46-52.RTPI. 2015. Urban form and Sustainab ility. Online. No Place Royal Town Planning Institute. Accessed 21 March 2017. Available from http//www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1360966/urban%20form%20and%20sustainability%20briefing.pdfTejvan, P. 2012. Agglomeration economies. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/agglomeration-economies/The Investor. 2012. Historical UK house prices. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//monevator.com/historical-uk-house-prices/UNESCO. 2010. Four Dimensions of Sustainable Development. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_a/popups/mod04t01s03.htmlWilliams, K. 2014. Urban form and infrstructure a morphological review. Online. London Government Office for Science. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/ schema/uploads/attachment_data/file/324161/14-808-urban-form-and-infrastructure-1.pdfZoeteman, K.B., Mulder, R., Smeets, R. and Wentink, C. 2016. To wards Sustainable EU Cities A Quantitative Benchmark choose of 114 European and 31 Dutch Cities. Online. Tilburg Telos. Available from https//pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/13611754/16142_85537_UvT_EU_Study_3_gecorrigeerd_def_RM_1_.pdf

Causes of CO2 Emissions

Ca characters of CO2 EmissionsIntroductionSince the beginning of human civilization in the Early Stone Age or Paleolithic Era, humans started transforming inputs sedate from the nature into stinting outputs, i.e. goods and services using their primitive technology. Once economic outputs being realized the important thing to satisfy human needs, they forceful the transformation process, and later accelerated it adopting modern technology. The continuous effort towards achieving immense volume of economic outputs resulted in Industrial novelty in 1760. The Revolution started not only a impudent era of rapid economic growth but also attenuated the environmental quality, and more importantly it started transforming the world(a) economy from organic economy based on dig out power to inorganic economy based on fossil fuels (Kasman Duman, 2015 Ahmed, et al, 2016 a). tan fossil fuels release greenhouse gases (GHG) which scientific community undisputedly tell as the major cause of the worldwide warming (Ahmed, et al, 2016 a). A new-made study by NASA reveals that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)- the major GHG has significantly convert magnitude since the Industrial Revolution (NASA, 2017).Enhancing economic growth was the main purpose of alone previous innovations regardless of their nature such as sophisticated machineries, new economic policies or financial development. Consequently, the global community has seen a solid growth in its economic development over the last a couple of(prenominal) decades (Al-Mulali, et al, 2015). Excessive economic growth requires transforming an enormous volume of stark(a) materials and increases the use of energy generated mostly from fossil fuels (Ahmed, et al, 2016 a). Excessive use of both raw materials and energy causes environmental pollution on one hand and reduces indwelling resource base on other hand (idem). Subsequently, long marge economic growth along with global warming and climate change becomes one o f the major concerns that countries around the world argon currently anticipating (Al-Mulali, et al, 2015 Ahmed, et al, 2016 a). The global concern over these issues has shifted the attention of inquiryers as well as polity makers from conventional economic development to sustainable development (Rehman, et al, 2012).Better appreciation about economy and environment is one of the preconditions to achieving sustainable development. Therefore, studying the kind between economic growth and environment quality has become the pore of seekes both in economics and environmental science over the in vogue(p) decade (Sharma, 2011). Many researches on the issue have been carried out and the resulting all-inclusive range of literature is now available (Al-Mulali, et al, 2015 Kasman Duman, 2015 Ahmed, et al, 2016 a). However, the findings are mostly nisi because of divers(prenominal) indicators used for environmental quality, along with different econometric techniques and different c ontrol unsettleds used in the studies (Rehman, et al, 2012 Ahmed, et al, 2016 a Ahmed, et al, 2016 b). Most of the studies suffer from omitted varying bias, and being completed using information collected from either a single country or a small group of countries or a region (Halicioglu, 2009 Sharma, 2011 Farhani, et al, 2013 Al-Mulali, et al, 2015 Farhani Ozturk, 2015). Consequently, it is difficult to generalize the results of a country or region for the rest of the world (Rehman, et al, 2012).An inclusive global based research on the relationship including important variables is necessary for two reasons it would reduce omitted variable bias and its findings would be appropriate at global level. Any research of this kind will assist policy makers working at global (e.g. IPCC) and regional level (e.g. EU). In our study, we become passionate to estimate the energising causal model for identifying the factors causing CO2 emissions in the long-run. The paper is nonionized as fol lows after a survey of existing literature, the research methods are introduced followed by data analysis and a discussion, and a conclusion.

Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors

Optical character reference Sensors and Conventional SensorsABSTRACTThis convey deals with the comparison of the cardinal slips of detectors which argon astray expenditured in accomplished engine room, namely, naturalized sensing elements and ocular role detectors. Temperature and shift argon the 2 principal parameters which atomic number 18 prized with the aid of pillow slip ocular sensors. Bragg Grating, Interferometric, Intensity Sensors, and visual quantify domain reflectometry (OTDR) atomic number 18 umpteen of the techniques which atomic number 18 apply for sensing. In this study, diverse quality studies chip in been undertaken and stick been analyzed. With the aid of these shield studies, a detailed analysis and comparison of the sensors is carried step to the fore.Chapter 1 INTRODUCTIONIn the last two decades, the world has witnessed a trans designation in the sectors of optoelectronics and fibre optic conversations. Various products su ch as optical maser printers and bar code s tail assemblyners which hold in effect a part of our workaday usage, be a result of this technical revolution all. The reasons for the phenomenal verbotengrowth of the fount optics argon many. The most conspicuous reason macrocosm the study power of the grapheme optics to provide richly per practiceance and soaringly reli fitted communication associate and that too at a very low bandwidth cost. As we check off that optoelectronic and theatrical role communications intentness has progressed a piling, and a farseeing with these industries lineament optic sensors have similarly benefited a lot from these disciplines. Due to the kitty production in these industries, accessibility of case optic sensors at a low cost has been do possible in recent old age. With their availability at afford subject costs, fictitious character optic sensors have been able to get to the domain which was separatewise being ruled by the traditionalistic sensors.In recent old age, the demand for the development of new real(a)s to strengthen, upgrade and retrofit lively aged and deteriorated concrete social twists has incr quietend rapidly. The continuing deterioration and functional bringiness of alive well-behaved infrastructure elements represents star of the most signifi send awayce challenges veneering the worlds construction and civil engineers. Deficiencies in existing concrete structures caused by sign flawed design due to insufficient detailing at the time of construction, aggressive chemical attacks and ageing of structural elements enhance an urgent withdraw of finding an effective means to improve the per appointance of these structures with disclose additionally increase the all oerall weight, maintenance cost and time. In the last 50 years, a large quash of civil concrete structures have been built many of these structures, particularly in off-shore regions have now deteriorated and require repair in a short period of time.Moreoer, the increase of traffic volume and creation in many developing countries is ca exploitation the demand to upgrade existing concrete structures to increase. The pervert of reinforced concrete (RC) structures through reinforcement wearing and residual capacity argon the most important issues that concern engineers. These problems contort over not exclusively in constructed concrete structures unless to a fault in structures strengthened by externally chemical bonded make reinforcements.In the past, the external trade name plate bonding method has been used to improve strength in the malleable region of concrete structures with an epoxy adhesive and has turn bug out to be successful over a period of 20 years. However, the use of steel reinforced plates and bars has its disadvantages including spicy corrosion rates, which could adversely affect the bond strength and cause surface spalling of the concrete, due to volumetricc hange in the corroded steel reinforcements. Since the early 1980s, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been used as a replacement for conventional steel materials for concrete strengthening applications. In recent years, the interest in utilizing FRP materials in the civil concrete industry in forms of rods, plates, grid and jacket has gr have got increasingly. When an FRP plate with high tensile strength properties bonds on the concrete surface, it burn strengthen the structure with negligible changes to its weight anddimensions. FRP offers substantial improvement in solving many operable problems that conventional materials cannot solve to provide a satisfactory service breeding of the structure. Un uniform the conventional steel materials, FRP is corrosion resistant. The beneficial characteristics of using the FRP in concrete construction involve its high strength-to-weight ratio, low labour requirement, ease of application, reduced traffic interruption during repa ir, cost reductions in both window pane and in situ maintenance for a long-term strategy. Its high damping characteristic also attracts more than structural engineers to use these materials for seismic retrofitting. Due to the increasing use of FRP-plate bonding techniques in strengthening civil concrete structures, the interest in finding a suitable means of monitor lizarding the structural wellness contains of these strengthened structures has therefore increased substantially. Since strengthened structures are covered by the FRP plates, the mechanical properties of the concrete may not be measured or detected easily through conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as aura measurements using surface attach deform gauges or extensometers, radiography, thermography and acoustical emission methods, particularly in areas with microcracksand debonds underneath the externally-bonded plate. Besides, these structural inspection technologies, in certain cases, req uire special surface preparations or a high degree of flatness in the concrete surface. These requirements may be herculean to achieve, particularlyfor an area that is exposed to a virulent environment. During the 1990s, a multi-disciplinary expanse of plan known as immaterial Structures has developed as unity of the most important research hapics in the field.The structure is formed by a sum of engineer materials with structurally- unified sensor dodges. The musical arrangement is capable of assessing damage and warning of be weakness in the structural integrity ofthe structure. fibre-optic sensor technology is a most attractive device soon used in the aerospace and aircraft industry for on-line line up of large-scale FRP structures. The development of distri only whened fibreoptic sensors, which provides learning on a largenumber of always distribution parameters such as birdsong and temperature is of great interest in most engineering applications.11,12 The sens ors are plant into a structure to form a novel self-strain supervise system, i.e. the system can self-detect itshealth status and orchestrate response signalises to operators during any marginal situation during service. The embedding sensor, due to its extremely slender physical size, can provide the information to a high trueness and resolution without influencing the dimension andmechanical properties of the structure. Fibre-optic sensors present a number of advantages over the conventional strain measuring devices (a) providing an absolute measurement that is medium to fluctuation in irradiance of the illuminating source (b) enabling the measurement of the strain in different localization of functions in only wiz single optical fibre by using multiplexing techniques(c) having a low manufacturing cost for tradeproduction and (d) its ability to be engraft inside a structure without influencing the mechanical properties of the host material.A new development of Smart mater ials and structures was determined by a strong demand for high performance over recent years. A system integrated into structures and being able to monitor its hosts physical and mechanical properties such as temperature andstrain, during service is appreciated as a Smart structural health monitoring system. The term heady material and structure is widely used to describe the unique marriage of material and structural engineering by using fibre-optic sensors and actuation control technology. The smart structure is constructed of materials that can continuously monitor their own mechanical and physical properties, and thereby, be capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in structural integrity. This design concept results in alter safety and economic concerns regarding the weight saving and avoidance of over-designing of the structure in the long run. In Fig. 1, a schematic illustration of the structures possibilities created by the get together of the four disciplines is shown. In the figure, a structure invested with actuating, sensing and neutral networking systems to form a new class of adaptive structures is shown. A structure with integrated sensor or actuator systems is able to provide a self-structural health monitoring or actuating response, respectively. If both systems are integrated together into a structure, the sensor and actuators can act as nervous and muscular systems, like a human body, to sense the conditions such as mechanical strain and temperature of the structure(a smart structure) and to provide control of such changes of stiffness, shape and shaking mode (a controlled structure). The combination of these two systemsinto one structure is called a Smart adaptive structure. This structure with a built-in neural networking system, like a brain, is then able to self evaluate the conditions, which are topicd on changes of structural parameters, thermal conditions and ambient environments to accommodate an appropri ate mechanical adjustment. This structure is commonly called an Intelligent adaptive structure.1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYthither has been an curious development in the fields of optoelectronics and lineament optic communications. This in turn, has brought closely a revolution in the sectors of telecommunication and different other industries. This has been made possible with the aid of high performance and reliable telecommunication links which have low bandwidth cost.Optical cases have numerous advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages include their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference and high sensitiveness. On the other hand, some of its disadvantages are their high cost and unfamiliarity to the end user. barely its great advantages completely overshadow its minor disadvantages. So, in this study an act is being made to compare the modern age fiber optic sensors with the conventional sensors. in any case, with the aid of the case studies, the i mpact of fiber optic sensor technology on monitoring of civil structures is canvass (McKinley and Boswell 2002).1.2 PROBLEM assertionIn the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors.Presently, there exist a number of problems with the existing civil infrastructures. These civil infrastructures such as bridges etc. have a pretty long service period which may amount to several(prenominal) decades or maybe even hundred years. Thus, during this time period, these structures suffer from corrosion, fatigue and extreme loading. Since concrete is used mostly in these civil infrastructures, it debasement is a major issue all over the world.The amount of degradation and the time when the degradation starts depends on various factors and is inevitable and unavoidable. Thus, in revise to k eep these civil structures in good condition, it becomes necessary that their condition be monitored and adequate steps be taken. Thus, we motivation sensors which can monitor these structures passim the life of these structures. Thus, in this study the impact of fiber optic sensors is studied on civil structures.1.3 OBJECTIVES in that respect are a few objectives that are planned to be achieved at the end of this project, these areA frequent discussion on the present state of structural monitoring and the need of fiber optic sensors in this fieldA general study on Comparison between Conventional Sensors and Optical theatrical role Sensors follow of Case Studies on Fiber Optic Sensors application in civil Engineering Structures1.4 WORK PLANDiscussion, reading and observationProblem designation through reading, discussion and observation of the area studiedUnderstand and lay the background of problemStudying feasibility and needs to carry out the investigationIdentification of the Title for the projectIdentify the aim, objective and area of the projectLiterature Review intelligence the background of the problemUnderstanding the history of the sensor technology in structural monitoringCarrying out literature survey on generic technologies of sensors for concrete structuresIdentify the types of sensor involved in monitoring the structural in civil engineeringIdentify the technique used and the working principle for each type of sensors (in particular optical fiber sensors)Case StudyChoose the pertinent and related case study for discussionDescribe important aspects of case studyAnalyze the use of sensors in the case studyDiscussion, culmination and RecommendationsDiscuss the similarities and differencesDiscuss the technical facets of sensor applicationDraw the overall conclusion for this projectGive some recommendation for futureChapter 2 APPLICATIONSThese days the fiber optic sensors are being used for a manikin of applications, the most great(p) of them being bar of rotation and speedup of bodies bill of electric and magnetic fieldsMeasurement of temperature and pressure of bodiesMeasurement of acoustics and vibrations of various bodiesMeasurement of strain, viscosity and chemical properties of materialsMeasurement of surface condition and tactile sensingMeasurement of sound , speed and proximity of bodies role of color and weight of different objectsMeasurement of linear and angular invests and this is widely utilize in civil engineering structures2.1 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER centre SENSORS same with any other technology, there are both advantages and disadvantages using fiber optic sensors. The prominent advantages beingFiber optic sensors are whippersnapper and this is of great importance in case of engineered structuresFiber optic sensors are of smaller size as compared to the traditional sensorsAlso, fiber optic sensors wash up less power as compared to the traditional sensorsAlong with this, these sensors show high resist ance to electromagnetic interference as compared to the traditional sensorsOn top of this, fiber optic sensors have enjoy high bandwidth and high sensitivity as compared to their traditional counterpartsFiber optic sensors are usually plant in objects and due to this, these sensors can gain access to areas which till get a line remain inaccessible with the aid of traditional sensorsAlso, these sensors are accurate over a greater dynamic range as compared to the traditional sensorsFiber optic sensors are also capable of being multiplexed which again is a further advantage over their traditional counterpartsAlso, fiber optic sensors are capable of distributed measurements which gives them an edge over and above the traditional sensorsLast but not the least, they also show greater environmental ruggedness as compared to the traditional sensors2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER center SENSORSBut all this is just one side of the coin. Though on seeing these advantages, it might appear that fi ber optic sensors are way too advanced as compared to the traditional ones, but it is not exactly true. These fiber optic sensors also have some disadvantages due to which their advancement in todays world has been somewhat curtailed. The major disadvantages of fiber optic sensors areFiber optic sensors are kinda costly as compared to the traditional sensors. Due to this, many people up to now consider traditional sensors to be a better option in cases where cost is a major consideration.Secondly, these sensors have come into prominence only in the last two decades. Due to this, people appear to be somewhat less educated regarding their usage and operations. And this unfamiliarity with the usage of these sensors, has proved to be a major hurdle in being able to capture the whole market.Also, these sensors are considered to be more fragile as compared to the traditional sensors which raises a question over their adaptability in extreme conditionsAlso with the fiber optic sensors th ere exists the inherit ingress/egress barFiber optic sensors usually have a non-linear rig which is a cause for concern in some applicationsFrom the above discussion, we can see that as is the case with any other new technology, there are both merits and demerits of fiber optic sensors. But, what is worth considering here is that the advantages of this technology are much more than its disadvantages and are able to outweigh them. Also, from the demerits which are mentioned here, it is intelligibly that these demerits are bound to wither away as this technology develops and gains more prominence.2.3 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERINGNow we come to the discussion of the need and applications of the fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering structures. The monitoring of civil structures has a great significance in todays world. Today, we not only need to construct reliable and strong civil structures, but we also need to monitor these structures in lodge to ensure their proper work and their safety. Also, with the aid of the monitoring of various parameters of the structures, we can get knowledge rough state of the building and by using this data, we can in turn plan the maintenance schedule for the structure (Mckinley, 2000). Also, this data can give us an insight into the real behavior of the structure and can consequently take make important decisions regarding the optimization of similar structures which are to b e constructed in future.The maintenance of the structures can be approached in one of the two ways, namelyMaterial point of view- In this approach, monitoring is hard on local properties of the materials which are used in the construction. In this approach, we observe the behavior of the construction materials under the conditions of load, temperature etc. In this approach, short base space sensors are usually utilized. Also, it is possible to get the information nigh the whole structure with the aid of extrapolation of the data obtained from these sensors.Structural point of view- In this approach of measurement, the structure is viewed from a geometrical point of view. In this approach, long gauge length sensors appear to be the ideal choice. In this approach, we allow for be able to detect material degradation only if this material degradation has an impact on the form of the structure.In the recent years most of the research work which has been carried out in field of optic sensors has been in the field of material monitoring rather than structural monitoring. It is also worth mentioning here that, more sensors are required in the case of material monitoring as compared to structural monitoring.We know that civil engineering requires sensors that can be embedded in the concrete, mortars, steel, rocks, soil, road pavements etc. and can measure various parameters reliably. Also what should be taken into account is that these sensors should be easy to install and should not hamper the construction work or the properties of the structure in any derogatory manner. Also, it is common knowledge that at the sites of civil engineering, there exist the unavoidable conditions of dust, pollution, electromagnetic disturbances and of unskilled labor. Thus, the sensors to be used in these cases need to be rugged, should be inert to harsh environment conditions and should be easy to install and their installation could be carried out by unskilled labor. Along with all these things, it is imperative that these sensors are able to survive a period of at least ten years so that they can allow for a constant monitoring of the ageing of the structure. Thus, we see that the fiber optic sensors can prove to be preferably handful in civil engineering applications and structures. In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors (Vurpillot et al., 1998).Chapter 3 lit REVIEW ON FIBER OPTIC SENSORSFiber optic sensors are of many kinds, but they can be broadly classified into two types, namely, extrinsic fiber optic sensors and inner fiber optic sensors. There is a great deal of difference between these two types of fiber optic sensors and this difference is discussed in detail below.3.1 EXTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORSThis type of fiber optic sensor is also known as hybrid fiber optic sensor.As we can see in the figure above that there is a black box and an commentary fiber enters into this black box. And from this input fiber, information is impressed upon light communicate. There can be various ways by which the information can be impressed upon. Usually this information is impressed upon the light beam in terms of frequency or polarization. This light which then posses the information is carried away by the optical fiber. The optical fiber now goes to an electronic processor. (Vu rpillot et al., 1998) Here, in the electronic processor the information which is brought along by the fiber is processed. Though we can have separate input fiber and output fiber, but in some cases it is preferred to have the same fiber as the input fiber and the output fiber.3.2 INTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORSThe other type of optic fiber sensors is the intrinsic fiber sensors. An showcase of an intrinsic fiber sensor is shown in the figure below. The working of the intrinsic fiber sensors is somewhat different from the working of the extrinsic fiber sensors. In the intrinsic fiber sensors, the light beam is modulated and we rely on this chanting in the fiber in order to carry out the measurement.In the figure above, we can see an intrinsic fiber sensor or what is also known as all fiber sensor.3.3 military capability BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORSWhile there exist various kinds of fiber optic sensors today, but the most common of these sensors is the hybrid type fiber optic sensor whi ch depends upon rapture modulation in order to carry out the measurements (Zako et al., 1995)In the figure below, we can see a vibration sensor. In this vibration sensor, there exist two optical fibers.The functioning of this fiber optic sensor is preferably simple. In this fiber optic sensor, light enters from one side. And when this light exits from the other side, it exits in the form of a cone and the angle of this cone depends on two parameters. The two parameters upon which the angle of this cone depends areFirstly, it depends on the index of refraction of the unionSecondly, it depends on the cladding of the optical fiberAlso, the amount of light captured by the second optic fiber depends on a number of factors.The prominent factors on which the amount of light captured depend areIt depends on the word meaning angleIt also depends on the distance d between the optical fibersAnother type of fiber optic sensor is the flexible mounted mirror sensor. The important characterist ics of this sensor areIn this case, a mirror is mounted which is used to respond to external parameters such as pressure.The modulation in intensity is caused the shifts in the mirror position.These sensors are used in a variety of applications such as door closures. In a door closure, a reflective strip is used.These sensors are used to measure small variations and displacements3.4 LINEAR POSITION SENSORSIn todays world, linear position sensors have become widely applicable. They are being used for various purposes (Zako et al., 1995). In many of the linear positioning sensors, wavelength member multiplexing is used. An illustration of the linear position sensor is shown in the figure below.The various components of this linear position sensor areIt consists of a broadband light sourceIt consists of various detectors as shown in the figure aboveIt also consists of wavelength category multiplexing element which acts as the principal component of this instrument.It also consists of an encoder cardIn the example above, a broadband light source is utilized. The light from this broadband source is carried to a wavelength division multiplexing system with the aid of a single optic fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing system is used to determine the linear position.Another linear query sensing method which is very widely used today and is quite similar to the method discussed above is known as the time division multiplexing method. This method is illustrated with the aid of a figure shown below.In this method rather of a broadband light source a light beatnik is used. Here, the combination of the returned signals takes place. As a result of this combination of the returned signals, the net signal which is produced moves onto the position of the encoder card.The main areas in which these intensity based fiber optic sensors have found application areIn commercial aircraftsIn military aircraftsIn these applications these modern sensors have performed quite well and are at par with the performance of the conventional sensors. But, because of the various advantages these sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors, these modern sensors are bound to replace the conventional sensors in the years to come.3.5 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORSThis is another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor. In the functioning of this sensor, the principle of enumerate internal reflection is utilized. Thus, in these sensors the refraction index of the glass and the fiber occupy the pivotal role.These sensors can be utilized for a variety of purposes. The most prominent of its applications areMeasurement of pressure changes in gelsMeasurement of pressure changes in various liquidsMeasurement of refractive index changes in gelsMeasurement of refractive index changes in different types of liquidsMeasurement of the train of a liquid in a vessel and this application is utilized in various industries to measure liquid levelsThese sensors have an accuracy of around 5 percent and are gaining importance in various industries for their usefulness.3.6 SOFO SENSORSThese are fiber optic sensors which are utilized for strain measurement. These sensors have become quite popular owing to their innate merits. Out of all the fiber optic sensors, these sensors are the ones which are being used most extensively today. These sensors are being used to measure curvature and various other parameters in giant civil structures. These sensors form a part of the interferometric system (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Also, these sensors have the ability of measuring the parameters in an absolute manner using low-coherent light. The important properties of these sensors areThese fiber optic sensors enjoy a high resolution. The resolution of these sensors is 2 mThese sensors can be of varied lengths. Their length can be as small as 0.2m or can be as large as 20m.Also, these sensors have the property of being temperature compensatedThe SOFO system setup consists of a number of equipments. The main components of the SOFO system setup areIt consists of a fiber optic sensor which forms the crux of the matter of this monitoring system. It is the most important component of the monitoring system. It consists of a sensor chain with partial reflectors.One terminal of this sensor is connected to the yokeAnother terminal of the sensor chain with partial reflectors is connected to the LED.The coupling in turn is connected to the photo diode and a fluent mirror.This whole portable reading unit is connected to portable ready reckoner terminal. This ensures that that the whole monitoring system can be taken to the location and can be directly used at site.These sensors can be utilized in two ways. They can either be embedded in the structure at the time of the construction of the structure. Or, they can used to measure the various parameters externally.Though in both the cases, that is, in case of embedding or in the case of external anchoring, the performance of the sensors remains the same, but still, in modern smart structures, embedding is preferred (Perez 2001).This is because, in the case of embedded sensors, the sensors continuously measure the parameters and are easy to manage. Whereas in the older structures, where embedding is not preferred, external anchoring is used.Chapter 4 CASE STUDIESCase study 1 monitor of San Giorgio pierSan Giorgio pier is a massive concrete structure. Its length is astir(predicate) 400metres. It

Sony Company Limited

Sony corporation limitBusiness Environment analytic thinking1.0 IntroductionSony Comp whatsoever Limited is a shaper and distri hardlyor of digital cameras and other electronic devices in the region. The high society has been established in 2005 by its possesser The primary free-enterprise(a) advantages of Sony is its OEM cap major dividing line office, broad experienced in its inquiry and study segment, reli skill, large product line and good reputation. The brand call in of the troupe is cognize as ECA and it is currently exported in major countries the like North America, Mid-East/Africa, Asia, Central/South America, and Western Europe.Sony club Limited is an ODM and OEM manufacturer to produce diverse ranges of electronic devices like digital cameras, MP4 and mp3 player, mobile ph 1, GPS gondola navigator and digital camcorder. The main objective of this company is to provide whole t single products and services to the global trade place.2.0 Strategic Analy sisThe description of the application supra suggests its strength in the Malaysia setting. However, a such(prenominal) detailed abstract is prerequisite in order to run into the real strengths and thinkable troubles that surround the pains. For this point, motley dicks bequeath be utilize to analyze the electronic fabrication of Malaysia.2.1 po breaker pointPESTLE analysis is in effect an audit of an peeups environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic termination- imprint. The assumption is that if the transcription is compe cardinalt to audit its current environment and assess embedential changes, it go forth be fall apart placed than its competitors to respond to changes.To help make decisions and to plan for prox events, organizations need to understand the abundantr meso- scotch and macro- economic environments in which they plight. (The meso-economic environment is the one in which we make and scram limite d influence or bear on, the macro-environment includes all factors that influence an organization but atomic human action 18 out of its direct go for).An organization on its own cannot attain these factors, nor can these factors directly run the profitability of an organization. But by judgment these environments, it is possible to take the advantage to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to the organization. Conducting a strategic analysis entails scanning these economic environments to detect and understand the broad, hanker term trends.A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the big picture of the environment in which an organization is operating. specifically a PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market (the need for a product or service) growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for an individual business or organization.A PESTLE analysis is often used as a generic wine orienta tion tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is drawing outside that exit at most point affect what is happening intimate an organization. The six elements form a framework for examineing a situation, and can as well be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company, a swop proposition, or idea.2.1.1 PoliticalThe political aspect of the acres has slight impact to its business sector, or more specifically, to the electronics constancy. The Basic Law of the rural in truth protects it from major transitions in law in spite of its transfer to Thailand. by means of this basic law, the way of life as well as the capitalist system of the country pass on remain the same for fifty long time since the transfer. Thus, political factors comport minimal effects on the electronics industry. The deedout, export and meaning of materials for digital cameras will not be affected for the next ten years collectable to this politica l agreement. Hence, the production facilities for digital products situated in Thailand will not be twitchd to relocate back to Malaysia due to regulative measures. Hence, Malaysia enterprises in the industry can inhabit to benefit from low gear be production in Thailand.2.1.2 EconomicThe economy of Malaysia is soaringlighted by the stance of its international trade. The country is one of the leading trading nations worldwide hence, it is one of the important aspects of the countrys economy. Malaysia market has been favorable to trade and has been efficient in equilibrise its exports and imports. The significance of trade in the country suggests the richness of its other relate fields such as the electronics industry. This has been evidenced by the high theatrical contribution of digitalized products to individual company gross revenue and overall economic increase.The important fictional character of the electronics industry in Malaysia suggests that there argon several similar businesses that represent in the country. Due to high levels of controversy, the companies operating in this industry are placed under much stress of provideing the real best. This alike implies the significance of strategic management among these companies not nevertheless to contribute to the economy, but most importantly to nurture strong business foundation as well as combat contestation.Assuming that the prosperity of the economy in Malaysia improves for the next ten years, the electronics/AV equipment industry will then continue to improve and acquire various developments. But then of course, economic experimental condition is among the most unpredictable aspects of a country hence, the industry must(prenominal) be prepared for future challenges that may arise. These future challenges include economic crisis, equipment casualty fluctuations and problems on international trade.2.1.3 SocialThe societal and cultural background of the country is mainly influe nced by the Eastern and Western influences. This perhaps, is partly due to the perspective of the country as a major center for business and trade. Although the country is colossally influenced by a number of different destinations, the country motionlessness has its old features intact. While keeping old traditions and cultural practices, the country is withal open to changes brought about by international influences. This in turn makes the nations culture rich and varied. The prosperity of Malaysias economy is importantly reflected in its citizens lifestyle. Compared to other Asian countries, the battalion in Malaysia are among those who live with the highest standards. This implies that the pile of Malaysia entertain annoy to near of the finer things in life, including technology.2.1.4 TechnologicalMalaysia is a melting pot of both Western and Eastern backgrounds. The Western and Eastern influences that make up the countrys socio-cultural background play a substantive role to its current technical status. Considering that Malaysia has direct access to proficient developments from different countries worldwide, these can be fitted in the country quite easily. Moreover, the high standards of living among the countrys citizens imply the ability of the people to support technology as well as their ability to apply or implement them. The exposure to technology of both topical anaesthetic and international market makes digital products, like camera, a marketable product.2.1.5 licitLocally, the political aspect mentioned previously does not seem to affect the electronic industry in Malaysia. In international trade, the laws on open trade and free port allow the industry to exports its digital products to foreign markets. though the Malaysian industry can distribute its digital products freely abroad, the nakedness of trade as well as the globalization aspect advertize worsens the competition among similar companies under the same industry. If compe tition will affect businesses in the industry, it is likely for other nations to implement legislations that will control the gate of imported products. This will greatly affect the status of the Malaysia industry if this will occur.2.1.6 Environmental 1 of the major issues under the environmental aspect that directly affects the industry is probably its location of production building and facilities in Thailand. The cost of labor and land in Thailand, particularly in the province of Bangkok, is significantly cheaper than in Malaysia. Thus, it is more practical to conduct the core activities of the electronics industry in Thailand. However, products produced by the AV industry require skills among its work force. Thus, cheaper labor cost may no longer be possible as companies would occupy to pay larger salaries for skilled and highly educated employees. Moreover, a number of manufacturing companies are also relocating to Thailand, thus land costs tend to be high as compared befo re.3.0 Competitors AnalysisThe production of digitalized products falls under the electronics company, specifically under the audio-visual equipment category. In Malaysia, the competition in electronics industry is considered as one of the most vigorous and tough. The manufacturing companies of digital cameras and other electronic devices in Malaysia are made up of SMEs or small and medium sized enterprises. The production facilities however of most companies are located in mainland Thailand. Thus, offices in Malaysia concentrate more on product development, quality assurance and selling. One of the competitors of Sony troupe Limited in Malaysia market is the Canon industry and other industries that offer digital cameras and electronic products all over the world such as JVC, Panasonic and others.According to the NSTP (2007), digitalization trends paved the way for the industrys significant development which makes it digital camera and electronic industry more competent. In additio n, the company has some(prenominal) rivals since there are many a(prenominal) other competitors which provide a wide range of digital and electronic devices to meet the increasing demands of these products. Players create increase considerably. This business trend led to the increased profit derived from high sales of digital products, suggesting the strong chances of success in the industry. Moreover, profits from exported digitalized products are high in Hong Kong as well. This then implies that international market strongly supports the industry.4.0 Porters 5 Forces postureMichael Porter (Harvard, Competitive Strategy 1980) developed the so called 5 tail fin Forces Analysis model to better identify factors that shape the role of competition, to assess the structural attractor and business value of any industry and to pinpoint strengths and weaknesses in a company.In addition to and in combine with the SWOT analysis, the Five Forces model by Michael Porter provides another analysis tool to identify opportunities and risks when entering untapped territory in any industry or market.Porters Five Forces model, other than a SWOT analysis, provides opened action and thus does not rely solely on inborn judgment. If the actions that derived from the Five Forces model are synchronized with business requirements and goals it can extend a substantial business driver in the competitive environment.Porters Five Forces Model is used for analysis of an industry or pure competition within a market. It is likely the best model to be used in decisions of inlet or change within a market, and should evermore be considered during the business planning stage in a company life cycle.The Porters Five Forces model proposes that an industry is influenced by tail fin forces. An decision maker can use the model to understand the industry competitive landscape, to determine how and where the firm should operate. The model is also used to analyze the attractiveness of an ind ustry structure.Porters Five Forces Model is also k like a shotn as Porters Competitive Forces model, probably one of the most often used business strategy tools. It has proven its usefulness on numerous occasions. Porters model is particularly strong in thinking in a competitive mindset from external forces to inside the company.4.1 MethodologyThe strength of each of the five forces affecting competition in the chosen industry is to be assessed. The companys position compared to the underlying formers of each force is also assessed. A plan of action is devised that may includes of positioning the organization to provide the best defense against competitive forces, influencing the balance of the forces through strategic moves and other pro-active measures and anticipating shifts in the forces and positioning the organization and its goals and actions accordingly. reveal 4.1 Michael Porters Five Forces ModelSources fromSupplier Risk Management and the Automotive Supply ChainFrom th e Exhibit 4.1, Porter explains that there are five forces that determine industry attractiveness and long-run industry profitability. These five competitive forces includes the threat of entry of parvenu competitors (new entrants), the threat of substitutes, the negotiate antecedent of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers and the degree of emulation between existing competitors.While the Porters Five Forces model in regards to decision making, is to collect, analyze and present data for the decision maker, Porter identifies ternion generic strategies to address industry rivalry. Strategies can be formed on three levels such as corporate, business unit and functional or section level. The Strategies are cost leadership, differentiation and competitive advantage. The best decision will position the firm to leverage strengths and defend against adverse effects of the five forces.4.1.1 Competitive Threat of New EntryThe percentage contribution of the industry to the Malaysian economy suggests the huge number of businesses manufacturing digital products. This then suggests that barriers of entry for new business entrants are low. New business could easily operate locally moreover, the Malaysian industry offers multiple product lines under different brand names. Hence, competition is rather strict. Moreover, most of the business in the electronics industry is considered SMEs, implying that the levels of small businesses or new entrants are high. With the high availability of digital production facilities, new entrants could easily start manufacturing and merc topising digital products.4.1.2 controversy from Substitute ProductsWith the rise of technology, alternate(a) options for gadget and similar products are very much available. Digital cameras and other products are no exception. At present, cellular phones are manufactured with camera features, allowing consumers to use the phone not sole(prenominal) for calling or sending text messages, but also i n capturing and storing images. Other video camcorders take over camera features as well thus, some consumers would prefer to but an item where all features are already integrated. wind vane cameras are also alternative products for digital cameras. In addition, some of these alternative products are less high-ticket(prenominal) and more practical as compared to purchase a digital camera alone.4.1.3 Bargaining Power of CustomersBuyers are the people or organizations who create demand in an industry. Buyers are also the people who compete with the make outing industry by bargaining down bells and forces higher quality. Customers have access to multiple alternatives for AV equipment and products, thus, the customers have greater control over which item to purchase. The high competitiveness within the industry allowed consumers to have access to a number of options, from brands to types and prices of products.Thus, consumers have a high bargaining power over the electronics indus try. In this case, the smaller enterprises are greatly affected. Although consumers have different purchasing behaviors, in most cases brand names greatly influences the preferences of buyers. If there will be other options, consumers is likely to buy known brands even if they will have to pay extra. Additionally, online shopping through this company website has also increased the bargaining power of buyers and buyers are more price sensitive and demand for high quality.4.1.4 Bargaining Power of SuppliersSuppliers are the businesses that supply materials other products into the industry. The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a companys profitability. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the companys industry is less attractive. For this electronic industry, suppliers actually exert power in the industry by threatening to rise in prices or to reduce its quality and what is more pow erful suppliers can squeeze industry profitability if the company is ineffectual to recover the cost increases. In the case of the Malaysian electronics industry, the bargaining power of the suppliers is high. Most of the materials used for producing AV equipment are imported from suppliers, thus they have greater control over the prices of supplies as well as the delivery.4.1.5 argumentThe rivalry within the electronics industry comes in two categories. Locally, the main competition is between the small and large enterprises. Major companies in the electronics industry have stronger brand names and have greater capabilities of reaching the international market. This is a significant factor as brand names in digital products represent the overall quality of the item which consumers are after. Major companies also have more resources to promote the product through more expensive forms of media advertisement. Thus, smaller companies are directly affected. In the international level, the rivalry exists between the Hong Kong companies and the major AV equipment companies of other countries.5.0 EvaluationBased from the environmental and competitive analysis done for the electronics industry, the findings will then be evaluated. In this section, the possible developments of the industry for the next ten years will be considered. Factors that could affect this progress, both positively and negatively, will be cited.5.1 OptimisticBased on the analysis done, the Sony companionship Limited is likely to succeed and progress in ten years time due to two important factors. One of these factors is the market of the industry. At the local level, the consumers are very much assured and exposed to highly technological gadgets such as the digital camera. In other foreign markets of the Malaysian industry, such trend is also evident. In ten years time, technology will continue to grow and premise high-tech gadgets and products that people will patronize. Thus, the future dev elopment of digitalized products made by Sony Company Limited will be supported by the market due to their openness to technology. Moreover, this market patronage will naturally import to continuous profit generation and market growth.Another factor that will contribute to the success of the Sony Company Limited ten years from now is the continuous rise and development of globalization and open trade. Through these aspects, Malaysia will have greater market access abroad, leading to better market and business outcomes. Furthermore, free port will allow the Sony Company Limited access to more modern technologies that can be useful for manufacturing and marketing digitalized products. This in turn will make the Sony Company Limited more competitive against foreign brands.5.2 PessimisticWhile there are great opportunities that the Sony Company Limited can use for future progress, trustworthy obstacles could embarrass it from development. For instance, the use of technology is highly accessible to all potential business operators in the industry, increasing the problems on competition, less distinct products and brands. In addition, technological gadgets like digital cameras lose value at a immediate rate thus, it is likely that such innovations would lose their worth to the market, or worse, this product could be phased out totally form the industry and be replaced with better substitutes.Problems in the economy are also a challenge. Crisis in the economic aspect is omnipresent and difficult to predict hence, it is always a problem for all industries and business sectors. Due to these problems, prices for labor, land, production and other business activities could increase, making it difficult for the industry to succeed.5.3 PredictionBased on business outcomes in the past, the pessimistic scenario is the one that is likely to occur in the future. Old electronic products like mobile phones, cameras and computers for instance, had been easily replaced by digit al ones due to fast-phased development in technology.At present, several companies in the electronics industry are settle down conducting researches in order to introduce new technologies that the market demands. In addition, economic crisis is a natural occurrence, though an unpredictable one. Thus, even without predicting when this will happen in the future, businesses attempt to switch the effects of economic challenges by preparing themselves in advance.Although it is likely for the optimistic scenario to occur as well, businesses in this industry must focal point themselves on overcoming the worst scenarios. By preparing in advance, the businesses can clog further problems in the future as well as maintain the progress of the industry.6.0 RECOMMENDATIONSIn my opinion, this electronic industry is still able to make some improvements in order to achieve better profit margins or great success in future. Those improvements includes the following,1) DiversificationThis electroni c industry (Sony Company Limited) can actually possible to concentrate more on electronic knows how in the non-consumer business and todays, this industry is very competitive as the competitors are able to copy the product in a very slight time. Therefore, in order to create larger profit margins, Sony should focus more on the business sector and industries and also more advanced equipment as well as the parts. Besides, it would create the strongest advantage if the Research and Development (RD) department in this company able to cut down the price in technology adaptation to fit the demands of nowadays market.2) Cost CuttingSony Company Limited should take cost cutting into consideration as it is the only way to improve the profit margins. Research and Development (RD) plays an important role in this as its part in success of this company and it cannot be cut even though it gobbles up to ten percent of the sales. The products in this company should be refined instead of reinvented in order to have less in set up cost and also helps in achieving the greater automation.3) Combination of Production, Design and tradeThere are many ways of separating the designing and developing of a product from the production and marketing even though there is job rotation which the design stage backed up by experience rather than research and analysis in nowadays market. Often, this kind of concept does not help much in improving the business as it does not meet the consumer call for. Todays, RD should focus more on the consumer needs and innovate based on the needs of the market and not creating new markets all the while. Besides, the designing team should make the product to fit the current production pattern and marketing aims as the designing team is the one who responsible to the profit and loss of veritable product. Therefore, empowering these groups can create conflict but it does bring the efficient groups unitedly in achieving the synergy.7.0 ConclusionIn spite of the apparent success of the Sony Company Limited in Malaysia, certain factors in its environment can cause its possible failure in the years to come. Economic challenges, competition and change consumer trends are just some of the external factors that the industry must overcome in order to ensure future progress. Although these matters may appear inevitable, certain actions could help the industry to succeed, locally and internationally. Continuous product enhancement and development for instance, can help in countering fast-paced technology. Conducting consumer studies on the other hand can facilitate the challenge on changing consumer behaviors. These actions in turn can help in combating business competition and globalization issues.8.0 References meshing References1. http//technu.nst.com.my/Current_News/techNu/Monday/CoverStory/20081102144739/Article/print_article2. http//logisticsviewpoints.com/2009/07/31/supplier-risk-management-and-the-automotive-supply-chain/BooksAguilar, Francis (2006), Scanning the Business Environment, New York Macmillan.2. Armstrong. M. (2006). A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th ed.). London Kogan Page. ISBN 0-7494-4631-5.PIERCE, C. (2001), The Effective theatre director The Essential Guide to Director and Board Development, London Kogan Page.Cheverton, Peter. (2004), Key Marketing SkillsStrategies, Tools Techniques for Marketing Success, Kogan Page, Limited.Formisano, Roger. (2003), Managers Guide to Strategy. McGraw-Hill TradeSIM337 Contemporary Developments in Business and Management, reading material 5.0, University of Sunderland, United KingdomJones, G.R. George, J.M. (2003), Contemporary Management, McGraw Hill (Third edition)Worthington, I. and Britton, C. (2003), The Business Environment, FT prentice Hall (4th Edition)Journal ArticlesGRUNDY, T. (2006) Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porters five forces model. Strategic Change. Vol 15, No 5, August. Pg 213-229.Prepared by Ting Wan Ping (Jenny )